Contaminación Electromagnética

A. muciniphila has been explored as an immunomodulatory probiotic for autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases in experimental models. Metagenomic data show inverse correlations between A. muciniphila abundance and conditions including IBD, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Its outer membrane vesicles suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulate T-cell populations, mechanisms relevant to autoimmune pathogenesis. Human clinical trials specifically for autoimmune diseases are limited.

ALA modulates immune function relevant to autoimmune conditions by regulating Th1/Th2/Th17 balance, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and influencing T lymphocyte activity. Evidence exists for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis as specific autoimmune targets.

A 2019 review published in BioMed Research International (PMC6446120) synthesized evidence that ALA exerts immunomodulatory effects on both adaptive and innate immune systems, influencing T cells, B cells, macrophages, and NK cells. ALA modulates NF-κB, suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines, and has been explored preclinically in models of multiple sclerosis and lupus.

Andrographis paniculata and its active constituent andrographolide have demonstrated immunomodulatory effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, a MS model), significantly reducing symptoms by blocking T-cell activation and autoantibody responses to myelin. Traditional use in South and Southeast Asian medicine for inflammatory conditions is well-established.

Andrographolide, the active diterpenoid lactone from Andrographis paniculata, has demonstrated ability to block T-cell activation and significantly reduce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) symptoms in mice by inhibiting T-cell and antibody responses to myelin antigens. It has established immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.

Artepillin C is the principal bioactive of Brazilian green propolis with documented immunomodulatory properties including promotion of regulatory T cells, inhibition of Th17 differentiation, and anti-inflammatory NF-κB inhibition. It has been studied in autoimmune-relevant inflammatory models showing significant disease attenuation.

Clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated S. cusia-derived Qingdai's efficacy in autoimmune diseases—specifically psoriasis (multiple RCTs) and ulcerative colitis (multiple clinical trials)—with mechanistic evidence pointing to IL-17 suppression and AHR-Th17/Treg pathway modulation.

Astaxanthin, a marine carotenoid from Haematococcus pluvialis, has powerful antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties studied in rheumatoid arthritis and multiple autoimmune inflammatory conditions. It reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibits NF-κB, and modulates T-cell and macrophage activity. Human trials show reductions in inflammatory biomarkers.

Astragalus is historically used as an immunomodulator in TCM for immune diseases including nephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. A 2023 review of 19 studies (1,094 participants) found it enhanced immune responses and reduced proinflammatory cytokines. APS has been studied in adjuvant-induced arthritis and chronic aplastic anemia with positive results in clinical and preclinical settings.

Bee propolis contains CAPE and flavonoids that inhibit NF-κB and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines relevant to autoimmune inflammation. Clinical and animal studies support anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in RA and IBD. CAPE promotes Treg cells and suppresses Th17 responses.

Clinical trials confirm N. sativa's therapeutic activity in autoimmune-mediated conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, Behcet's disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. The clinical trial review (PMC5633670) explicitly identifies inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as a principal category of established clinical benefit.

Black seed (Nigella sativa) and its active thymoquinone have demonstrated immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in multiple autoimmune diseases. Clinical trials in RA and Hashimoto's thyroiditis show reductions in disease activity and inflammatory/autoimmune markers. It modulates T-cell responses, NF-κB, and cytokine production.

GLA from borage oil modulates immune responses by acting directly on T lymphocytes and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis (TNF-α, IL-1β, LTB4) in an eicosanoid-independent manner. RA is the best-documented autoimmune application; immunomodulatory effects are supported by mechanistic studies.

Boswellic acids from Boswellia serrata inhibit 5-lipoxygenase, reducing leukotrienes and modulating cytokines relevant to autoimmune inflammation. Pilot clinical studies suggest efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis. Ex vivo research shows Boswellia extracts influence regulatory and effector T-cell compartments.

Boswellic acids are the active constituents of Boswellia serrata responsible for immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions relevant to autoimmune disease. They inhibit 5-lipoxygenase and modulate cytokines, complement, and T-cell activity. Clinical and preclinical evidence supports benefit in rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis models.

Bromelain is recommended as an adjuvant therapeutic approach in inflammatory, malignant, and autoimmune diseases. It modulates T cell surface adhesion molecules and TGF-β expression in rheumatoid arthritis and osteomyelofibrosis. Animal studies show efficacy in the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis, and immunomodulatory actions on NK cells and lymphocytes are documented.

Bupleurum polysaccharides have shown immunomodulatory activity in animal models of autoimmune disease including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), improving kidney function, reducing autoantibodies, and delaying lymphadenopathy. Pectic polysaccharides from B. falcatum also demonstrate complement inhibition. Evidence is preclinical.

Butyrate (including tributyrin-delivered) modulates immune regulatory pathways relevant to autoimmune disease, notably inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines via HDAC inhibition. Animal data show sodium butyrate reduces autoimmune hepatitis development. Disrupted intestinal barrier (leaky gut), which butyrate addresses, is linked to autoimmune conditions. Human clinical evidence specifically targeting autoimmune disease with tributyrin is absent.

Butyrate induces regulatory T-cells (Tregs) via HDAC inhibition at the FoxP3 locus and GPR43 activation, suppressing autoimmune-driven inflammation. Evidence spans multiple autoimmune models including type 1 diabetes, IBD, and pancreatitis.

Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) has traditional South American use for arthritis and was studied in a randomized double-blind trial in 40–50 RA patients showing reduced painful joints, morning stiffness, pain intensity, and joint edema vs. placebo. It contains pentacyclic alkaloids and polyphenols with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. It decreases IL-6 and NF-κB in preclinical studies.

Reduced catalase activity is documented across multiple autoimmune conditions including vitiligo, rheumatoid arthritis, and IBD. Oxidative stress driven by H₂O₂ accumulation is a shared pathogenic mechanism in autoimmune diseases, where catalase deficiency amplifies tissue damage and immune dysregulation.

Cod liver oil modulates immune responses implicated in multiple autoimmune conditions via EPA and DHA's anti-inflammatory actions and vitamin D's immunoregulatory effects. Observational data link CLO use in infancy with lower type 1 diabetes risk. EPA and DHA are clinically studied in lupus, and vitamin D deficiency is associated with multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders.

Coix seed demonstrates immunomodulatory activity documented across multiple studies. Its polysaccharides and coixol modulate NF-κB, NLRP3, and cytokine pathways relevant to autoimmune regulation. Japanese pharmacopeia approval for warts reflects immunomodulatory clinical recognition.

Bovine colostrum contains immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), lactoferrin, cytokines, and growth factors that modulate mucosal and systemic immune responses. Clinical evidence supports its use in autoimmune-associated gut permeability ('leaky gut'), inflammatory bowel disease, and immune regulation. It has been studied for its ability to modulate intestinal immune tone.

Curcumin, the primary bioactive of turmeric, has been studied in over 30 randomized controlled trials across 10 autoimmune diseases. A 2022 meta-analysis found improvements in ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, and SLE. It modulates immune cell activity including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and NF-κB signaling.

Curcuminoids (the family including curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and demethoxycurcumin) from turmeric collectively exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects relevant to autoimmune disease. Clinical evidence from RCTs covers rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, SLE, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis. NF-κB inhibition and cytokine modulation are key mechanisms.

Alpha-tocopherol has immunomodulatory properties documented in multiple autoimmune contexts, including RA, MS, and lupus. Its dose-dependent effects on regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, and inflammatory cytokines have been studied in human and animal models, showing modulation of autoimmune pathways without consistent clinical proof of benefit.

DHA, a key long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, contributes to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in autoimmune diseases alongside EPA. It generates anti-inflammatory resolvins and protectins, and clinical trials in RA and SLE demonstrate benefits. DHA also has evidence for reducing autoimmune flare in animal models.

Low DHEA levels have been consistently observed in autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome. DHEA has been studied most extensively in SLE: a Cochrane review of seven RCTs (n=842) found modest but clinically significant improvement in health-related quality of life and stabilization of disease activity. DHEA possesses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.

DGLA is the direct metabolite of GLA and precursor to anti-inflammatory prostaglandin E1, providing downstream anti-inflammatory effects relevant to autoimmune conditions. Increased tissue DGLA from GLA supplementation has shown benefit in rheumatoid arthritis trials, and DGLA competitively inhibits pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid pathways.

EGCG, the principal catechin in green tea, has been studied in autoimmune conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and lupus. It inhibits NF-κB, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, and suppresses Th17 differentiation. Animal studies show significant disease attenuation in EAE (MS model) and collagen-induced arthritis.

EPA has documented immunomodulatory effects relevant to autoimmune conditions. Epidemiological observations in Inuit populations with high EPA intake noted low rates of autoimmune disorders including psoriasis, asthma, and type-1 diabetes. Multiple RCTs in RA, IBD, and psoriasis demonstrate EPA's capacity to reduce autoimmune-driven inflammation.

EPA is one of the primary active omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil with well-documented effects in rheumatoid arthritis and SLE. Clinical trials show significant reductions in joint tenderness, morning stiffness, and inflammatory biomarkers. EPA competes with arachidonic acid to reduce pro-inflammatory eicosanoid production.

Evening primrose oil is a rich source of GLA and has been studied in rheumatoid arthritis trials showing reduction in joint tenderness, swelling, and morning stiffness. It produces anti-inflammatory DGLA and PGE1 by competing with arachidonic acid pathways. Multiple clinical trials support its adjunctive use in RA.

Fisetin modulates innate and adaptive immune responses by suppressing NF-κB, TLR4, and inflammasome (NLRP3) pathways, reducing macrophage and neutrophil hyper-activation, and increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10. These mechanisms are preclinically relevant to autoimmune-driven inflammation.

Fish oil, providing EPA and DHA, is one of the most studied natural supplements in autoimmune disease. Clinical trials across RA (16/20 showing benefit) and SLE (6/9 showing benefit) support its use as adjunctive therapy. Mechanisms include modulation of eicosanoid synthesis and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Flaxseed's ALA omega-3, lignans, and fiber collectively reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production relevant to autoimmune pathophysiology. A comprehensive review listed autoimmune disorders among conditions where flaxseed oil benefits have been documented across clinical and preclinical studies.

Poria cocos bark extracts induced regulatory T cells (Tregs) and showed therapeutic effects in murine atopic dermatitis and food allergy models. Triterpenoid compounds from P. cocos have been used in formulas for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunomodulatory mechanisms involve Th1/Th2 balance modulation and NF-κB inhibition.

Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide from brown algae, modulates immune responses with established immunomodulatory effects relevant to autoimmune conditions. It promotes NK cell activity, modulates T-cell and cytokine responses, and has shown anti-inflammatory effects in RA and IBD animal models and human studies.

Fumaric acid esters (FAEs), derivatives of fumaric acid, are licensed treatments for psoriasis (an autoimmune skin condition) and the active metabolite dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is FDA- and EMA-approved for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Clinical studies show reductions in T-lymphocytes, gadolinium-enhancing MRI lesions, and relapse rates in MS.

Gentiana macrophylla root has been studied in lupus-prone mouse models (NZB/W F1), demonstrating anti-apoptotic effects on cardiac tissue and attenuation of liver inflammation exacerbated by an autoimmune trigger. TCM documentation of its use in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) spans centuries. Immunomodulatory activity is confirmed in pharmacological reviews.

Ginger and its active constituents (gingerols, shogaols, and zingerone) have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties studied in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune-related inflammatory conditions. Meta-analyses of RCTs in RA support reductions in pain, stiffness, and inflammatory markers. Ginger inhibits arachidonic acid pathways and NF-κB signaling.

GLA, an omega-6 PUFA found in borage, evening primrose, and black currant oils, is metabolized to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), which produces anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis have shown reductions in joint tenderness and swelling. It has been studied as adjunctive therapy in multiple autoimmune-mediated inflammatory conditions.

Multiple published studies confirm immunoregulatory properties of G. littoralis extracts. The 2019 PMC systematic review identifies immunoregulatory activity as one of the best-supported pharmacological properties. Traditional use for immune-related diseases is also extensively documented in East Asian medicine.

Glycyrrhizin from licorice root has established immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and corticosteroid-sparing properties studied in autoimmune conditions including SLE, primary biliary cirrhosis (an autoimmune liver disease), and RA. It modulates NF-κB, suppresses excessive immune activation, and has direct anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic use for inflammatory conditions is extensive.

Green tea and its catechins, particularly EGCG, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects relevant to autoimmune conditions. Animal studies show significant benefit in MS and RA models; human evidence includes reductions in inflammatory markers. Green tea inhibits NF-κB and suppresses Th17 responses relevant to autoimmunity.

Green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) extract contains unique omega-3 fatty acids, glycosaminoglycans, and complex lipids that have been studied in clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Studies show reductions in joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. It modulates leukotriene and prostaglandin pathways.

Halofuginone, a compound derived from Dichroa febrifuga (a plant in the hydrangea family used in Chinese herbal medicine), was shown in a landmark 2009 study in Science to selectively inhibit Th17 cell differentiation in both mouse and human T cells without broadly suppressing immune function. It reduced disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. This is the most rigorous mechanistic evidence linking hydrangea-family compounds to autoimmune conditions.

Boswellia serrata exhibits immunomodulatory properties documented in preclinical studies, including suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-collagen antibodies, and NF-κB in autoimmune arthritis models. Human clinical data in autoimmune-driven colitis (UC as an immune-mediated condition) and RA provides partial clinical support for immunomodulation.

I3C has been most studied in the context of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), both in lupus-prone mouse models and in human ex vivo and pilot clinical studies. In (NZB×NZW)F1 lupus mice, I3C significantly prolonged survival and reduced autoantibodies by inducing tandem B- and T-cell differentiation blockades. Human ex vivo work demonstrated AhR-mediated immunoregulatory effects on SLE macrophages, and a pilot NIH-sponsored clinical trial investigated I3C in women with SLE.

Iodine intake has a well-documented bidirectional relationship with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), principally Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Excessive iodine intake is an established environmental trigger for AITD in genetically susceptible individuals. Conversely, iodine deficiency also alters thyroid immunogenicity. AITD represents the most prevalent organ-specific autoimmune diseases, affecting 2–5% of the population.

L. casei 01 has demonstrated clinical benefit in rheumatoid arthritis—an autoimmune joint disease—in a double-blind RCT, reducing disease activity scores and inflammatory cytokines. Broader preclinical evidence shows L. casei modulates Th1/Th17/Treg immune balance relevant to autoimmunity. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was specifically increased by L. casei in the RA trial.

L. rhamnosus modulates immune tolerance mechanisms relevant to autoimmune pathology, including Th17/Treg balance, intestinal barrier integrity, and IL-10 production. LGG has been studied in IBD—a prototypic autoimmune-related condition—and shown to reduce colonic inflammation via the STING pathway. It has also been studied in celiac disease models, rescuing BDNF disruption caused by gliadin.

GM L. lactis has been engineered to deliver autoantigens (e.g., human insulin) and anti-inflammatory cytokines mucosally to induce tolerance in autoimmune conditions, including autoimmune type 1 diabetes. A Frontiers in Immunology review documents L. lactis as a versatile vehicle for tolerogenic immunotherapy with completed human clinical trials in mucosal pathologies, and preclinical data supporting autoimmune diabetes reversal.

Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein from colostrum and milk, modulates innate and adaptive immune responses and has anti-inflammatory properties relevant to autoimmune disease. It regulates cytokine production, promotes Treg cells, and reduces pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling. Evidence includes studies in RA and IBD.

Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza) contains glycyrrhizin and glabridin with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties relevant to autoimmune disease. Intravenous glycyrrhizin is used clinically in Japan for autoimmune liver disease. Traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine use licorice extensively in formulas for autoimmune inflammatory conditions.

Luteolin, a dietary flavone found in vegetables and herbs, has documented anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties studied in autoimmune diseases including RA, MS, IBD, and SLE. It inhibits NF-κB, suppresses Th17 differentiation, and promotes Treg cells. Animal studies demonstrate significant attenuation of EAE and collagen-induced arthritis.

Maitake's beta-glucan D-fraction is an immunomodulator that activates macrophages, NK cells, and T-cells. A Phase II clinical trial in myelodysplastic syndrome patients showed maitake extract enhanced neutrophil and monocyte function. The immunomodulatory action is bidirectional, potentially relevant to autoimmune contexts, though no dedicated autoimmune human RCTs exist.

D-mannose has demonstrated immunosuppressive effects in multiple animal models of autoimmune disease, and its mechanism—promotion of regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation via TGF-β activation—has been confirmed in vitro in human cells. No human RCTs for autoimmune conditions have been completed. Evidence is mechanistic and preclinical, with human in vitro corroboration.

Melatonin has immunomodulatory properties and has been studied in autoimmune diseases including SLE, RA, and multiple sclerosis. It modulates Th17/Treg balance, reduces oxidative stress, and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects. Clinical data show lower melatonin levels in SLE patients, and supplementation trials demonstrate reductions in disease activity markers.

The Siemandi 1997 RCT explicitly included autoimmune arthritis patients and concluded CMO appeared to provide relief to autoimmune inflammatory diseases, potentially long-term. CMO's proposed immune-modulating mechanism — involving modulation of cytokine signaling via N-myristoylation pathways — provides a plausible mechanistic basis for benefit in autoimmune conditions. Evidence is limited to arthritis-spectrum autoimmune disease.

NAG modulates T-cell and B-cell function through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and N-glycan branching, suppressing pathological autoimmune responses. A 2023 mechanistic clinical trial (Journal of Neuroinflammation, UCI) in multiple sclerosis patients found NAG reduced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers and improved neurological function in 30% of participants.

NAC is a glutathione precursor with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties that has been clinically studied in SLE, RA, and multiple sclerosis. In a randomized pilot trial in SLE, NAC supplementation reduced disease activity (SLEDAI) and fatigue scores. It corrects glutathione deficiency common in autoimmune diseases and modulates mTOR signaling in T cells.

Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) have been extensively studied in autoimmune diseases, with 20 clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis (16 showing significant benefit) and 9 trials in SLE/lupus nephritis (6 showing improvement). They modulate eicosanoid synthesis toward anti-inflammatory profiles and suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Omega-6 PUFAs, particularly GLA and its metabolite DGLA, modulate T-cell-mediated immune responses in autoimmune disease. In experimental autoimmune models, omega-6-enriched (GLA-rich) diets reduced disease severity through TGF-β1 upregulation and altered eicosanoid production. Human evidence focuses on specific conditions (RA, MS, atopic dermatitis) with mixed but partially positive results for GLA-rich supplementation.

PABA holds FDA approval for dermatomyositis and has been used clinically in scleroderma, lupus erythematosus, and morphea—all autoimmune conditions. Its proposed mechanism includes modulation of fibroblast activity and, as shown in in vitro studies, induction of endogenous interferon, which plays a central role in autoimmune pathophysiology. Results across these conditions are mixed and evidence is mostly from older, small, or uncontrolled studies.

TGP from Paeonia lactiflora is a registered Chinese medicine drug for autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome, and ankylosing spondylitis. Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses support its immunomodulatory efficacy in reducing disease activity across these conditions.

Celiac disease is a systemic autoimmune disorder triggered by gliadin peptides that activate CD4+ T cells in HLA-DQ2/DQ8-positive individuals, causing autoantibody production against tissue transglutaminase. PEP enzymes target and destroy these T-cell epitopes, and multiple phase I/II human clinical trials have tested PEP-based oral enzyme therapies as adjuncts to the gluten-free diet in celiac disease.

Phlebodium decumanum is a tropical fern whose extract (marketed as Kalawalla/Calagualine) has been clinically studied for autoimmune conditions including psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. It modulates T-cell activity and reduces autoimmune skin and neurological manifestations. Clinical trials show reductions in psoriasis plaques and MS relapse.

Propionate has been most extensively studied as an immunomodulatory SCFA in multiple sclerosis (MS), where serum propionate levels are reduced in newly diagnosed patients relative to healthy controls. Clinical studies of propionate supplementation in MS patients show expansion of regulatory T cells and reduced pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 responses, with reported long-term clinical improvements. Research also implicates propionate deficiency in gut dysbiosis-driven systemic immune dysregulation across autoimmune diseases.

Bee propolis and its bioactive compounds (artepillin C, caffeic acid phenethyl ester/CAPE, flavonoids) have demonstrated immunomodulatory effects in autoimmune conditions including RA and IBD. CAPE inhibits NF-κB and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines. Clinical and preclinical evidence supports anti-inflammatory and immune-balancing effects.

Quercetin, a dietary flavonoid, has been shown to attenuate rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus in human and animal studies. It exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective actions. A 2021 review in Frontiers in Immunology summarized its pharmacological applications across multiple autoimmune diseases.

Rehmannia has documented immunomodulatory activity in multiple autoimmune disease models. A 2017 Taiwanese retrospective cohort study showed decreased lupus nephritis risk in SLE patients using Rehmannia. Catalpol modulates Th17/Treg balance in RA models, and acteoside re-regulates B-cell IL-10 production in autoimmune settings. Rehmannia is prescribed in classical TCM formulas for lupus (Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan) and Sjögren's syndrome.

Reishi exerts immune-modulatory effects, shifting Th1/Th2/Treg balance and suppressing excessive inflammatory signalling relevant to autoimmune pathology. Preclinical research shows promise in rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's syndrome models. Life Extension cites laboratory studies demonstrating reishi's promise in autoimmune disease. TCM used reishi extensively for conditions resembling autoimmune presentations.

Resveratrol, a stilbenoid polyphenol from grapes and berries, has demonstrated immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties in autoimmune disease models and clinical trials. It inhibits NF-κB, promotes Treg cells, and suppresses Th17 responses. Human RCTs in SLE patients have shown reductions in disease activity and inflammatory biomarkers.

Rosmarinic acid modulates autoreactive T-cell activity by inducing apoptosis of activated T cells (demonstrated directly in cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients), inhibiting complement activation, and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production from immune cells. These actions are mechanistically relevant across autoimmune diseases including RA, lupus-related glomerulonephritis, and atopic conditions.

Smilax glabra's astilbin has demonstrated immunosuppressive activity on Th17 cell differentiation and T-lymphocyte activation in peer-reviewed studies, mechanisms central to multiple autoimmune diseases. The immunomodulatory classification of sarsaparilla by MSKCC reflects this evidence. No human autoimmune disease trials have been conducted.

Selenium has the strongest single-supplement evidence for Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis. A 2024 meta-analysis of 35 RCTs found consistent TPO antibody reductions of 20–40% over 6+ months. Selenium maintains glutathione peroxidase activity, supports T-regulatory cell function, and deficiency correlates with higher autoimmune incidence.

Selenomethionine is the most extensively studied form of selenium for autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease). Multiple RCTs and meta-analyses confirm it significantly reduces serum thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb). A 2024 meta-analysis of 21 RCTs (n=1,610) found selenomethionine more effective than sodium selenite or selenium yeast for this indication. Clinical relevance for disease progression outcomes remains under investigation.

Silymarin's immunomodulatory effects—suppression of NF-κB, TNF-α, and T-cell-mediated inflammation—have led to investigation in autoimmune contexts. Documented uses include rheumatoid arthritis and lupus considerations in dermatological and pharmacological literature. Evidence is preliminary and largely mechanistic; controlled human RCTs for specific autoimmune diseases are very limited.

Astilbin from Smilax glabra has been specifically studied as an immunomodulatory agent in autoimmune conditions including collagen-induced arthritis and psoriasis-like models. A 2003 US patent was awarded for smilax flavonoids in treating autoimmune diseases and inflammatory reactions. The mechanism involves selective T-cell modulation rather than broad immune suppression.

SPMs modulate adaptive immune cell function (T cells, B cells, dendritic cells) to promote resolution without immunosuppression. Chronic autoimmune disorders are characterized by SPM deficiency and resolution failure. SPMs have demonstrated utility in preclinical autoimmune models and are being evaluated for human autoimmune conditions.

Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate from cruciferous vegetables, activates the Nrf2/antioxidant response pathway and inhibits NF-κB, producing anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects studied in multiple sclerosis, RA, and IBD. Animal studies show significant disease attenuation in EAE and CIA models; human pilot data show reductions in inflammatory markers.

Artemisinins from A. annua have documented immunosuppressive effects studied in SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, and IBD in both clinical and animal settings. Dihydroartemisinin is being evaluated in Chinese clinical trials for SLE. Published reviews confirm multi-pathway immune modulation.

THIAA inhibits BTK, Syk, and PI3K isoforms — kinases central to B-cell receptor signaling implicated in autoimmune pathogenesis. In a collagen-induced RA model (an established autoimmune disease model), THIAA reduced arthritis index and joint degradation dose-dependently. These kinase targets overlap with those of approved autoimmune therapeutics.

Thymoquinone is the primary bioactive of Nigella sativa (black seed) with well-documented anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in autoimmune disease models. It inhibits NF-κB, suppresses Th1/Th17 cytokines, and promotes regulatory T cells. Preclinical studies demonstrate benefit in EAE, CIA, and IBD; clinical evidence derives from N. sativa supplementation trials.

GGOH/GGPP deficiency directly causes an autoinflammatory disease — mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD/HIDS) — through impaired protein prenylation and consequent inflammasome hyperactivation. A 2024 pilot study in three HIDS patients found GG supplementation improved inflammatory parameters and reversed the disease-specific protein signature. This establishes GGOH as having a documented, mechanistic link to a specific autoinflammatory (immune-dysregulation) condition.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its curcumin extracts have been studied in 31 RCTs across 10 autoimmune diseases, with demonstrated improvements in rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, SLE, and multiple sclerosis. It modulates immune cells and key inflammatory pathways including NF-κB. Traditional Ayurvedic use for arthritis and inflammatory bowel conditions spans millennia.

Tylophora alkaloids have been shown in experimental models to inhibit cellular immune responses, suppress T-cell proliferation, reduce delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, and modulate IL-2 production — mechanisms directly relevant to autoimmune pathology. These immunomodulatory effects are documented in peer-reviewed studies and represent the most mechanistically distinct scientific contribution of Tylophora.

Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) has a randomized double-blind clinical trial in RA showing reduction in painful joints, morning stiffness, pain intensity, and joint edema versus placebo. It contains immunomodulatory alkaloids and polyphenols that modulate T-cell balance and reduce NF-κB and IL-6. Traditional Amazonian use for inflammatory and rheumatic conditions is well-established.

Vitamin D has robust scientific evidence as an immunomodulator relevant to autoimmune disease prevention and management. The VITAL trial showed 2000 IU/day reduced new autoimmune disease incidence by 22% over 5 years. Clinical trials have been conducted in MS, RA, Crohn's disease, type 1 diabetes, and SLE. Vitamin D regulates T-regulatory cells, suppresses T-cell proliferation, and modulates macrophage function.

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) specifically is the form most studied and used in autoimmune disease prevention and treatment. The VITAL trial used 2000 IU/day D3, reducing new autoimmune disease incidence by 22%. It regulates T-regulatory cells, suppresses adaptive immune overactivation, and VDR-mediated signaling is relevant across MS, RA, T1D, and SLE.

Adrenal cortex extract has been used traditionally for autoimmune conditions, grounded in cortisol's immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive functions. Contemporary alternative practitioners recommend it for autoimmune diseases as an adjunct. No clinical trial evidence supports OTC adrenal cortex supplements for autoimmune conditions.

Ashwagandha has traditional Ayurvedic use in conditions resembling autoimmune diseases, and preclinical data shows reduction of autoreactive T cells and inflammatory cytokines in animal models of RA and lupus. However, clinical evidence in human autoimmune populations is limited. Its immunostimulant effects also create theoretical risk of aggravating certain autoimmune diseases.

Spleen extracts, and tuftsin in particular, have been studied in animal autoimmune disease models including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Traditionally, spleen was given for autoimmune-related immune dysregulation. Evidence is restricted to preclinical studies; no human clinical data support bovine spleen supplementation for autoimmune conditions.

Traditional contraindication listings from the German Commission E, WHO, and ESCOP caution against E. purpurea use in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, lupus, and collagen disorders, based on theoretical immune stimulation concerns. More recent pharmacological evidence suggests lipophilic alkamide-containing preparations may instead suppress cellular immunity, complicating the picture.

Ganoderma lucidum is documented in traditional Asian medicine for autoimmune-related conditions including autoimmune hepatitis and arthritis. Preclinical evidence shows it modulates T-cell and B-cell responses, regulates cytokine production, and has complement-inhibitory properties relevant to autoimmune pathology.

Indian tinospora (Tinospora cordifolia) has deep traditional Ayurvedic use as an immunomodulator for rheumatic and inflammatory autoimmune conditions. It modulates macrophage, NK cell, and lymphocyte activity. Preclinical studies confirm anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects; clinical RCT data in specific autoimmune diseases remain limited.

Rehmannia is one of the few Chinese herbs specifically used for autoimmune diseases including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome. It appears in classical formulas prescribed for these conditions and is combined with Astragalus for immune balance. Immunomodulatory mechanisms are documented preclinically.

S. baicalensis has documented immunomodulatory effects: it shifts Th1/Th2 balance, suppresses IgE production and allergic immune responses, and modulates NF-κB-driven inflammation relevant to autoimmunity. TCM uses Huang Qin for inflammatory and immune-mediated conditions. Clinical trials in specific autoimmune diseases are limited.

Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi/giloy) has extensive traditional Ayurvedic use as an immunomodulator for autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. It contains alkaloids, diterpenoids, and polysaccharides that modulate macrophage and lymphocyte activity. Preclinical studies support anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects, though robust clinical trials in specific autoimmune diseases are limited.

Adrenal glandular extract is listed in naturopathic and integrative medicine traditions as supportive for autoimmune conditions, on the basis that adrenal cortical hormones (glucocorticoids) are potent immune modulators. The EBSCO Research Starters monograph lists autoimmune disorders as a proposed use. Modern products lack meaningful glucocorticoid content, and no clinical trials support this application.