Tumores grasos o depósitos

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a potent endogenous antioxidant, has been studied in glaucoma for its ability to neutralize oxidative stress in retinal ganglion cells and trabecular meshwork. It is included in multiple glaucoma nutraceutical formulations studied in clinical trials. A 2018 systematic review identified ALA among the key nutrients studied in glaucoma.

Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, has preclinical and emerging clinical evidence for glaucoma neuroprotection. It attenuates RGC excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis via P2X7 and GABA-PKC-α pathways. A 2024–2025 PubMed-based review explicitly identifies berberine among synergistic neuroprotective agents for glaucoma.

Bilberry anthocyanins are extensively studied for glaucoma and ocular vascular health. Clinical evidence shows bilberry extract reduces intraocular pressure, increases ocular blood flow, and improves visual field outcomes. It is commonly combined with pine bark extract (as Mirtogenol) in clinical trials demonstrating IOP reduction in ocular hypertensive patients.

LBPs are neuroprotective for retinal ganglion cells across multiple glaucoma animal models, including acute and chronic ocular hypertension. LBP delays secondary RGC degeneration by inhibiting oxidative stress and the JNK/c-jun pathway. A recent glycoprotein study (mouse model, 2024) showed restored retinal blood flow and protected RGC density under post-treatment conditions.

Capsanthin reduced intraocular pressure (IOP) significantly in a rat glaucoma/dry eye model, alongside anti-inflammatory and antioxidant ocular effects. This represents the primary preclinical evidence linking capsanthin to glaucoma-relevant endpoints.

Citicoline (CDP-choline) is a well-studied neuroprotective nutraceutical in glaucoma. Multiple clinical trials show it improves retinal ganglion cell function as measured by pattern electroretinogram (PERG), visual field parameters, and retinal nerve fiber layer preservation in POAG patients. A 2023 systematic review concluded evidence supports its use as an adjunct in glaucoma management.

Coleus forskohlii is the botanical source of forskolin, which lowers intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor production via adenylate cyclase activation. Multiple clinical trials using Coleus forskohlii root extract in combination supplements have demonstrated significant IOP reduction and PERG amplitude improvement in POAG patients.

CoQ10 has been investigated for glaucoma neuroprotection based on its mitochondrial bioenergetic and antioxidant functions. Preclinical studies in rodent models of ocular hypertension showed significant neuroprotection of RGCs. Clinical studies demonstrated that topical CoQ10 combined with vitamin E improved PERG amplitudes in POAG patients.

A 2-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 38 patients with open-angle glaucoma found that blackcurrant anthocyanins (50 mg/day) significantly slowed visual field deterioration and increased ocular blood flow. Mechanistic studies show normalization of endothelin-1 levels as a key pathway.

DHA is the predominant omega-3 fatty acid in retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptor membranes. It reduces oxidative damage, improves ocular blood flow, and is neuroprotective in glaucoma models. A 2018 systematic review identified DHA/omega-3 fatty acids among key nutrients with putative protective effects in glaucoma.

EGCG, the major catechin in green tea, has shown IOP-lowering effects in human volunteers and neuroprotection in glaucoma animal models. A randomized placebo-controlled trial found EGCG supplementation (200 mg/day for 3 months) improved pattern electroretinogram amplitudes in early-to-moderate POAG patients. A 2022 clinical study confirmed EGCG 400 mg reduced IOP significantly in healthy volunteers.

EPA is an omega-3 fatty acid with anti-inflammatory effects that contribute to retinal neuroprotection in glaucoma. It is converted to resolvins and protectins that reduce neuroinflammation relevant to RGC loss. A 2018 systematic review listed omega-3 fatty acids including EPA among key nutrients studied for glaucoma.

Forskolin eye drops reduce IOP by suppressing aqueous humor formation via cAMP elevation in ciliary epithelium. Multiple clinical trials including a double-blind RCT in 90 open-angle glaucoma patients confirm significant IOP reduction. Oral supplementation in combination formulas has also shown benefit.

Forskolin, a diterpene from Coleus forskohlii, lowers intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor production through adenylate cyclase activation. This IOP-lowering effect has been confirmed in rabbits, primates, and humans in multiple clinical studies. Oral supplementation in POAG patients additionally reduced IOP and improved retinal ganglion cell electrophysiology.

Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) has been studied in multiple clinical trials for glaucoma, particularly normal-tension glaucoma. Its standardized extract enhances ocular microcirculation, improves peripapillary blood flow, and has antioxidant properties relevant to optic nerve protection. A 2003 RCT found 120 mg/day improved visual field loss in low-pressure glaucoma patients.

Ginseng and ginsenosides have been identified in a systematic review of nutritional supplementation for glaucoma as one of the key herbs studied. Ginsenosides exhibit neuroprotective and antioxidant effects on retinal ganglion cells in preclinical models of elevated IOP.

LBP has been shown to protect retinal ganglion cells from ischemia-induced apoptosis in animal models of glaucoma, and has been considered in clinical applications for improving glaucoma pathogenesis. Goji's zeaxanthin accumulates in retinal tissue and provides localized antioxidant protection. Human clinical data are not yet definitive, but preclinical evidence and traditional use are well-documented.

Green tea catechins, primarily EGCG, have shown IOP-reducing effects in clinical studies in healthy volunteers and neuroprotective effects in glaucoma models. A 2022 clinical study confirmed significant IOP reduction with green tea extract 400 mg within 2 hours. Catechins also protect RGCs from ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating caspase activation.

Homotaurine (3-aminopropanesulfonic acid) is a GABAergic compound that has been included in multiple clinical nutraceutical trials for glaucoma. Combined with forskolin and other ingredients, it reduced IOP further and improved PERG amplitudes in POAG patients in RCTs. A 2026 review identifies homotaurine among nutraceuticals with the most compelling glaucoma neuroprotection evidence.

Lutein is a macular carotenoid that protects retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve tissues from oxidative stress and blue-light-induced damage in glaucoma. It is included in multiple glaucoma nutraceutical formulations studied in clinical trials. A 2018 systematic review identified lutein among key nutrients with putative protective effects in glaucoma.

Magnesium has been studied for glaucoma, particularly normal-tension glaucoma, based on its role in vascular regulation and optic nerve blood flow. A clinical study of oral magnesium citrate 300 mg/day in NTG patients was conducted. A 2018 systematic review listed magnesium among trace elements with putative protective effects in glaucoma.

Melatonin has substantial research supporting both IOP regulation and neuroprotection in glaucoma. It activates MT receptors to modulate aqueous humor dynamics, and protects RGCs against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. A 2025 comprehensive PubMed/Medline review identified melatonin among nutraceuticals with compelling glaucoma evidence.

NAC has preliminary evidence in glaucoma based on its ability to reduce oxidative stress in retinal ganglion cells and suppress autophagy induced by ocular hypertension. Current human evidence is early-stage, with animal studies showing that NAC reduces retinal damage caused by elevated intraocular pressure. A 2024 clinical review identified glaucoma as a condition warranting further NAC investigation.

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is an NAD+ precursor with strong preclinical evidence for RGC protection in multiple mouse models of glaucoma. It enhanced RGC survival in optic nerve crush and ocular hypertension models, and a clinical trial demonstrated improved retinal function in glaucoma patients. NR may offer superior NAD+ bioavailability compared to nicotinamide.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA/EPA) reduce oxidative damage in the retina, improve ocular blood flow, and protect against retinal ischemia caused by elevated IOP. They have been studied in glaucoma supplement trials. A 2018 systematic review identified omega-3 essential fatty acids among key nutrients with putative protective effects in glaucoma.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endocannabinoid-like fatty acid amide, has been tested in multiple clinical trials for glaucoma, including double-blind placebo-controlled crossover studies. Clinical evidence shows PEA 600 mg/day reduces IOP and significantly improves PERG amplitudes and quality of life in POAG patients on existing topical therapy.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a mitochondrial biogenesis cofactor with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties studied in glaucoma neuroprotection. A 2024–2025 PubMed-based review identifies PQQ among emerging neuroprotective agents for glaucoma, showing reduced systemic inflammation and enhanced mitochondrial metabolites relevant to RGC survival.

Resveratrol is a polyphenol stilbenoid with multiple preclinical studies demonstrating neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma models. It reduces oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and RGC apoptosis in animal models of elevated IOP and retinal ischemia. A 2026 review (PMC13091925) identifies resveratrol among the nutraceuticals with the most compelling glaucoma evidence.

Rutin, a flavonoid glycoside (quercetin-3-rutinoside), has been studied in combination with forskolin for glaucoma management. Clinical trials of the Kronek formulation (rutin + forskolin) demonstrated significant IOP reduction in POAG patients. Rutin also exhibits neuroprotective effects on RGCs in vitro through antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.

Saffron (Crocus sativus) and its carotenoid constituents crocin and crocetin have been studied in glaucoma for both IOP-lowering and neuroprotective effects. A randomized pilot study in 34 POAG patients showed significant IOP reduction at 3–4 weeks with 30 mg/day oral saffron extract. Animal studies confirm reduced RGC loss and neuroinflammation.

Taurine is present at high concentrations in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which are the primary cells lost in glaucoma. Animal studies demonstrate taurine supplementation increases RGC survival in glaucomatous models, and reduced taurine has been linked clinically to glaucomatous conditions.

Multiple epidemiological studies from the US and South Korea have found that higher dietary niacin intake is associated with a lower prevalence of open-angle glaucoma, independent of IOP. A 2025 non-randomized clinical trial in 58 POAG patients found 6 months of 500 mg/day oral niacinamide significantly improved quality of life scores and reduced intraocular pressure in both eyes. The mechanism involves neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells via NAD+ replenishment.

Nicotinamide (niacinamide), the amide form of vitamin B3, is the most advanced nutraceutical in glaucoma clinical research. It works as an NAD+ precursor to protect metabolically vulnerable retinal ganglion cells. A crossover RCT in 57 glaucoma patients showed significant visual field and inner retinal function improvement; multiple Phase II/III trials are ongoing worldwide.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential antioxidant present at high concentrations in the aqueous humor and has been studied for glaucoma neuroprotection and possible IOP association. A NHANES cross-sectional study (2,912 participants) found current vitamin C supplement use was associated with significantly reduced odds of self-reported glaucoma.

Zeaxanthin, a macular xanthophyll carotenoid co-found with lutein in the retina, has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects relevant to glaucoma. It is a component of multiple evidence-based glaucoma supplement formulas studied in clinical trials. A 2018 systematic review listed zeaxanthin among nutrients with putative glaucoma-protective effects.

Zinc is an essential trace element with antioxidant and neuroprotective functions relevant to glaucoma. It is a cofactor for superoxide dismutase in the retina and has been studied in glaucoma nutraceutical formulations. A 2018 systematic review listed zinc among trace elements with putative glaucoma-protective effects.

Glaucoma is explicitly listed in TCM monographs as a condition traditionally treated with Shi Jue Ming (abalone shell). Compound formulas containing abalone shell were documented in historical records as treatments for glaucoma and other serious eye diseases.