IngredientesWood betony (Betonica officinalis) is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. Other vernacular names include wood betony, common hedgenettle, purple betony, bishopwort, and bishop's wort.
The plant was until recently usually included in the genus Stachys as its synonym Stachys officinalis, but Betonica was separated at genus rank from Stachys when a detailed examination showed clear consistent differences in both foliage and flowers. This separation has been confirmed by genetic study, which shows Betonica is more closely related to the hemp-nettles Galeopsis than to Stachys. The Latin specific epithet officinalis refers to plants that had a culinary or medicinal use.
The plant therefore carries three botanical names that continue to appear interchangeably in the scientific and herbal literature: Betonica officinalis L. (currently accepted), Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis. (widely used synonym), and the older Stachys betonica. The name "Stachys" derives from the Greek word for spike, referring to the flower spike, while "officinalis" indicates medicinal use in Latin.
Wood betony is a rhizomatous, patch-forming, grassland herbaceous perennial growing to 30–60 cm tall. Its leaves are stalked on upright stems, narrowly oval, with a heart-shaped base, with a somewhat wrinkled texture and toothed margins. It flowers in mid-summer from July to September, and is found in dry grassland, meadows, and open woods in most of Europe, western Asia, and North Africa.
Betony is closely related to hedge woundwort (Stachys sylvatica) and Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis) and can be found in meadows, sparse forests, and amongst bushes throughout Europe and the Caucasus.
The primary portions of the plant used as medicine are the leaves and flowers, though historically the root has also been used. The aerial parts — leaf and flowering tops — are the parts most commonly used today.
Preparations of wood betony include infusion (tea), tincture, herb-infused oil, salve, capsules, compress, and poultice. A weak infusion is sometimes taken as a tea; it is used as an astringent to treat diarrhea, and as a gargle or tea for irritations of the mouth and throat. It has been used to treat anxiety and has been given as a tincture or smoked for the treatment of headache.
Wood betony was one of the most popular medicinal herbs in ancient Greek and Roman times. Antonius Musa, physician to the Emperor Augustus, wrote a book claiming 47 uses for wood betony. Dioscorides' De Materia Medica lists betony for 47 ailments, including respiratory issues and snakebites, cementing its ancient reputation (ca. 50 CE). Few plants have as widespread a history as betony; its use has been known since the Roman Empire, when it was considered a remedy for a wide variety of diseases.
The herb known as wood betony is commonly considered to be the most important among the Anglo-Saxon herbs, with at least twenty-nine uses in the treatment of physical diseases recorded. In Anglo-Saxon England, wood betony was considered a cure-all. The Leechbook of Bald, a 10th-century medical text, includes betony in multiple remedies for wounds, poisonings, and "elf-sickness" — an old term for depression or mental disturbance. The Anglo-Saxon Herbal mentions it as a shield against "frightful goblins that go by night and terrible sights and dreams," and its traditional use includes poor sleep and nightmares.
Its use in medieval monasteries earned it the name Bishop's Wort, symbolizing spiritual and physical healing. During the Middle Ages, wood betony was used as a medicine and worn around the neck or in the pocket to ward off evil and prevent despair. A Cumbrian recommendation was to drink wood betony tea for indigestion, and in Somerset the tea was used to treat headaches. Next to vervain, wood betony was the most precious remedy for early herbalists in Europe.
Nicholas Culpeper (1653) wrote about wood betony in his Complete Herbal, mentioning that Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus's physician Antonius Musa wrote a treatise about the virtues of wood betony. Culpeper summarized uses including that "it helps those that loath and cannot digest their meat," those with "continual pains in their heads," and "pains in the back and sides, the torments and griping pains in the bowels, and the wind cholic."
Gerard (1597) stated that "the herb cures the jaundice, falling sickness, palsy, convulsions, gout, dropsy and head troubles," and that the powder mixed with honey was available for "all sorts of colds or cough, wheezing, or shortness of breath and consumption." Concerning wood betony's use as an emmenagogue, the Trotula from the 12th century states: "If women have scant menses and emit them with pain, take some betony or some of its powder."
In the 19th century, eclectic physicians prescribed wood betony for nervous disorders, digestive issues, and respiratory ailments, often combining it with skullcap or chamomile.
Wood betony was used in European folk herbalism as a remedy for respiratory tract inflammation, heartburn, urinary tract inflammation, varicose veins, intestinal worm infestations, and failure to thrive. It was considered a calming remedy and was used for headaches as well as some forms of neuralgia, including shingles.
A recent ethnobotanical study reviewed the traditional use of different Stachys spp. in various cultures. In Egypt, Montenegro, and Serbia, Stachys officinalis tea is used for its antibacterial properties, headaches, anxiety, menopausal issues, skin issues, nervous tension, and as a tobacco snuff.
In Bulgaria, B. officinalis is used in folk medicine for the treatment of nervous exhaustion, gallstones, stomach acids, high blood pressure, migraine, and neuralgia, as an ointment for cuts and wounds, and against sweating.
Herbs of Stachys species have been used in folk medicine for centuries for numerous purposes: to treat inflammatory diseases, ulcers, sclerosis of spleen, genital tumors, infected wounds, cough, diarrhea, fevers, sore throat, liver disorders, heart weakness, and internal bleeding.
Wood betony contains a complex mixture of phytochemical classes. It contains stachydrine, oxystachydrine, caffeoylquinic, caffeic, chlorogenic, and rosmarinic acids, achillein, betaine, betonicin, choline, harpagide, and turicine. Stachys species more broadly contain polyphenols such as tannins, phenylethanoid glycosides, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, along with 4-caffeoylquinic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and both (+)- and (−)-oxystachydrine.
The plant contains the alkaloids stachydrine and betonicine, as well as betaine and choline. Betonicine (CAS 515-25-3) is an alkaloid primarily derived from Betonica officinalis, characterized by structural features typical of alkaloids including nitrogen atoms within a heterocyclic framework. Betonicine is known for its potential pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, although its specific mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications are still under investigation.
The aerial parts contain phenylethanoid glycosides betonyosides A–F, acetoside, acetoside isomer, campneosides II, forsythoside B, and leucosceptoside B. Phenylethanoid glycosides and chlorogenic acid are the main wood betony antioxidants identified to date.
Phenolic acids — mainly chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid — are the dominant compounds identified in B. officinalis extracts. Betony contains about 15% tannins, which account for its astringency. Additional constituents include flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin), volatile oils (limonene, α-pinene), coumarins, saponins, glycosides, and minerals (calcium, iron).
Iridoids including harpagide, aucubin, and acetylharpagide are present and are noted as providing anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, unique to the Betonica subgenus.
Chemical analysis indicates that S. officinalis has a tannin content of about 15%, which would endorse its use for vulnerary (wound-healing) applications. There is also some indication that the plant contains glycosides that act to reduce blood pressure, and this hypotensive effect could therefore help alleviate headaches.
The active constituents of wood betony have not been clearly identified overall. The tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, and volatile oil found in this plant and its relatives may all contribute to its activity.
Antioxidant properties and composition of phenolic active constituents in wood betony extracts, successively isolated with acetone and methanol, have been studied. The content of total phenolics was higher in the acetone extract (yield 5.6%) by 26% than in the methanol extract (yield 18.6%); however, the methanol extract was the stronger radical scavenger in DPPH and ABTS⁺ assays: 714 ± 83 μM vs. 558 ± 33 μM trolox equivalents per gram of dry extract. The antioxidant activity of wood betony is believed to be related to its phenolic compounds.
Extracts have been shown to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX-1) and denaturation of protein, which suggests the species might be a potential source of plant-derived anti-inflammatory substances. The anti-inflammatory effect of S. officinalis polyphenolic-rich extract is noted to persist for more than 24 hours, and these properties can be at least partly assigned to the presence of ursolic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin, and anthocyanidins (genistin).
There is a referenced connection between the bioactive compounds phenylethanoid glycosides and chlorogenic acid for free radical scavenging actions. The study also references the effects of wood betony glycosides exhibiting hypotensive activity by unblocking constrictive blood vessels. Russian researchers report finding principals in wood betony with anti-inflammatory and cholagogue properties, and significantly hypotensive effects.
In closely related Betonica species, caffeic and chlorogenic acids have been shown to be α-amylase inhibitors with IC50 values of 3.68 μg/mL and 9.10 μg/mL respectively, and also inhibited α-glucosidase (IC50 4.98 μg/mL for caffeic acid and 9.24 μg/mL for chlorogenic acid). Inhibition of α-amylase is mainly due to the capacity of polyphenols to bind at the active site of the enzyme through hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of polyphenol ligands and the catalytic center, together with hydrophobic interactions between aromatic rings of phenolic compounds and tryptophan residues of α-amylase.
It must be stated at the outset that almost no research has been conducted on wood betony, and experimental or clinical studies to support the many traditional uses of betony are limited. The following summarizes what evidence does exist, distinguishing between in vitro, in vivo (animal), and human (clinical) studies.
A study set out to define the phenolic profile, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts from Betonica officinalis and Salvia officinalis. The results indicated that the extract scavenges stable DPPH and ABTS cation radicals. Polyphenolic-rich extracts of S. officinalis had high antioxidant activities (IC50 2.5 μg/mL), comparable to that of ascorbic acid. The polyphenolic-rich extract (retentate UF fraction) from B. officinalis exhibited the most potent DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power activities. This evidence is entirely preclinical (in vitro); there are no human clinical trials establishing antioxidant effects.
A study revealed, for the first time, the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of the Betonica officinalis herb. COX-1 inhibition was measured at an IC50 of 49.2 μg/mL for Betonica officinalis (versus 19.1 μg/mL for Salvia officinalis). In studies measuring inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes, S. officinalis polyphenolic-rich extracts inhibited cyclooxygenase-1 (IC50 10.1 μg/ml) and cyclooxygenase-2 (IC50 1.2 mg/ml). In vivo studies showed that the S. officinalis polyphenolic-rich extract produced a higher anti-inflammatory effect than diclofenac by the hind-paw volume measure. This in vivo (animal) evidence is preliminary; no human clinical trials have replicated these results.
One study revealed for the first time notable antimicrobial activity of the Betonica officinalis herb. However, this evidence is entirely in vitro. The specific antimicrobial spectrum and clinical relevance have not been established in human studies.
Previous findings have demonstrated antiproliferative activity of Betonica officinalis against breast and epidermoid carcinoma cells (MCF7 and A431, respectively), in addition to inhibitory effects on HeLa cells. For these analyses, only tumor cell lines were used and cytotoxicity against non-tumor cells was not determined. All evidence in this area is in vitro; no clinical studies in cancer patients exist.
Extracts obtained from Betonica officinalis have been shown to have antidiabetic potential based on defined enzyme-inhibitory effects. These effects are established only at the level of in vitro enzyme inhibition assays; no human trials have been conducted on wood betony for diabetes or blood glucose management.
People use betony for asthma, heartburn, diarrhea, bladder and kidney stones, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. It is thought that the chemicals in betony may decrease blood pressure, which suggests it might be useful for treating headache and anxiety. Reports from Russian researchers of hypotensive activity in the plant have been noted, but without reference to human studies. No controlled human clinical trial has directly tested wood betony as an antihypertensive.
The most significant human clinical study found in the peer-reviewed literature concerns a related wood betony species used in Iranian traditional medicine. A randomized clinical trial compared the efficacy and safety of the aerial parts of wood betony (Stachys lavandulifolia) with those of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) due to PCOS. Sixty-six women aged 15–45 years with AUB were enrolled and randomly assigned to either cyclical 10-mg twice-daily MPA for three cycles, or 5 g of aerial wood betony (AWB) three times daily for three months. The age-adjusted prevalence rate of different patterns of AUB decreased from 2.7 to 1.1 for patients taking MPA, and from 2.5 to 0.7 for patients taking AWB. The decrease in prevalence rate was similar across the two arms of the study (P = 0.248). Adverse effects were observed less frequently (24.2%) among participants on MPA than among those on AWB (45.5%). The authors concluded that AWB may be used as an alternative for MPA in the treatment of AUB caused by PCOS.
Limitations: This trial used Stachys lavandulifolia, a related but distinct species, rather than Betonica officinalis (wood betony in the European sense). The sample size was small (66 participants), and the higher adverse effect rate in the AWB group warrants attention. The mechanism of the effects of Stachys lavandulifolia on the treatment of PCOS remains unknown.
Some Russian research in humans apparently suggests wood betony may promote lactation, though the details of these studies are not readily available. This evidence cannot be independently verified from accessible peer-reviewed sources and must be treated as preliminary.
In 49 patients with obstructive jaundice who underwent surgery because they were unresponsive to conventional detoxification therapy, a stachydrine preparation was given before and after the operation. Under the influence of the preparation, a more rapid normalization of the indices of homeostasis occurred; the most pronounced effect was noted in patients with benign obstructive jaundice. This study, while involving human patients, is of limited methodological transparency and has not been replicated.
Genotoxicity of B. officinalis extracts was tested using chromosome aberration, sister chromatid exchange (SCE), cytokinesis-block micronucleus, and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assays in human lymphocytes in vitro, and the Ames Salmonella/microsome test. All tested extracts were not mutagenic in S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation, and did not induce chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro. All investigated plant extracts induced DNA damage evaluated by the comet assay, while B. officinalis extracts induced a slight increase in SCE values. The determined variation in response might be due to the plant extract tested and donor susceptibility.
Wood betony is used in modern herbalism for much the same purposes as in ancient times. This medicine has a specific affinity for the head and conditions of the nervous and digestive systems. It contains alkaloids (stachydrine, betonicine), betaine, choline, tannins, and volatile oil. Its medicinal use is noted as useful in the treatment of headaches secondary to muscle tension and/or hypertension that is worsened by anxiety, and for nervous debility associated with anxiety and tension. It gently tonifies and strengthens the nervous system while exerting an overall relaxing effect.
Wood betony can be taken as a tincture or tea to help calm the nerves and address stress-related digestive conditions such as nausea, dyspepsia, abdominal cramps, and colic. As a medicine, the herb has a long history of being used to treat a wide variety of lung and digestive issues, as well as being recognized as a gentle blood tonic.
The presence of glycosides and phenolic compounds is associated with proposed hypotensive activity. Betony might lower blood pressure. The alkaloids stachydrine and betonicine are proposed to support liver and cardiovascular health, with choleretic and hypotensive actions, though these effects have not been confirmed in rigorous human clinical trials.
Current clinical applications include its use in formulas for various conditions with underlying hypertension. Traditional use as an emmenagogue and for managing abnormal uterine bleeding has been the focus of the one available randomized clinical trial described above.
A fresh herb poultice can also be useful in first aid as a mild dermatological healing agent. The fresh poultice can be made by chewing up the herb, and the mixture can then be applied to minor wounds, cuts, and grazes. A mild infusion can be used to wash the eyes for the treatment of conjunctivitis.
There is no clinical evidence to guide dosage of betony. Traditional instructions include 1 to 2 g of the herb per day in 3 divided doses and 1 ounce of the herb per pint of boiling water.
There are no known adverse effects from use of wood betony other than occasional mild gastrointestinal upset. Although there is little documented evidence of betony toxicity, overdosage may cause gastrointestinal irritation because of the tannin content. Dyspepsia is the only reported adverse effect associated with the Stachys genus.
Extracts isolated from Betonica officinalis demonstrated strong antioxidant potential and were not mutagenic in S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation, and did not induce chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro. However, as noted, all investigated plant extracts induced DNA damage evaluated by the comet assay, and B. officinalis extracts induced a slight increase in sister chromatid exchange values. The clinical significance of this finding is unclear.
Many herbalists do not recommend using betony during pregnancy because it is a uterine stimulant. It is unclear whether wood betony can be used during lactation. Its safety in pregnancy and breast-feeding is generally unknown, though it has been studied in Russia as a way to increase lactation.
Betony might lower blood pressure and could cause blood pressure to drop too low in people prone to hypotension. Taking betony along with medications for high blood pressure might cause blood pressure to go too low. There is concern that betony might affect blood pressure and interfere with blood pressure control during and after surgery; stopping use at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery has been advised.
The Botanical Safety Handbook states that there are no known drug interactions, contraindications, or supplement interactions with wood betony. However, no clinical trials, case reports, or animal trials for supplement and drug interactions with betony have been found. The blood pressure interaction described above therefore represents a theoretical, pharmacologically plausible concern rather than one documented in interaction studies.
Betony polyphenols were found to be toxic in animals in one historical study. This is consistent with the general principle that high tannin content can be irritating to the gastrointestinal mucosa; clinical significance at normal herbal doses is not established.
Wood betony is at risk from overharvesting and habitat loss. Responsible sourcing from cultivated specimens rather than wild harvesting is therefore relevant to the commercial supply of this herb.
The body of evidence for wood betony is dominated by traditional use records spanning over two millennia, with only a very sparse modern research base. The available laboratory (in vitro) and limited animal studies support antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, and provide a partial mechanistic rationale for several traditional uses. One small randomized clinical trial examined a related Stachys species (not B. officinalis proper) for PCOS-related abnormal uterine bleeding and found efficacy comparable to medroxyprogesterone. No well-designed, placebo-controlled human trials have been conducted using Betonica officinalis itself for any indication. The overall evidence base must therefore be characterized as preliminary, with most claims resting on traditional use and preclinical data.
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Multiple laboratory studies have characterised significant antioxidant activity in Betonica officinalis extracts, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging comparable to ascorbic acid, attributed to chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, and phenylethanoid glycosides. All data are in vitro.
An in vitro study (Paun et al.) demonstrated that Betonica officinalis polyphenolic-rich extracts inhibit alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes linked to postprandial blood glucose, revealing anti-diabetic potential for the first time. Evidence is preclinical only.
In vitro and animal studies have demonstrated that Betonica officinalis polyphenolic-rich extracts inhibit COX-1, COX-2, and lipoxygenase enzymes, with anti-inflammatory activity exceeding that of diclofenac in a rodent model. These are laboratory findings without human trial confirmation.
Wood betony is documented as a stomachic, carminative, and antispasmodic in European and folk herbalism for abdominal discomfort including colic, intestinal spasm, indigestion, and bloating. No clinical trials exist.
Wood betony has a long history in European folk medicine as a stomachic remedy for heartburn and acidity. Its bitter and carminative properties were considered useful for easing digestive discomfort including acid symptoms. No clinical trials exist to confirm this use.
Wood betony is one of Europe's most documented nervine herbs, historically prescribed in tincture or tea form for anxiety, nervous tension, and overactive mental states. The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia lists it for nervousness and hysteria. All evidence remains traditional and herbal-clinical, with no controlled human trials.
Wood betony has been used in traditional European herbalism for arthritis symptoms since the Renaissance, when betony was an ingredient in Pistoia powder, an old remedy for arthritis and gout. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity provides a potential mechanistic basis.
Wood betony has documented traditional use for respiratory conditions including asthma, attributed to its expectorant and bronchial-relaxing properties. This appears in folk and historical herbal records without modern clinical evidence.
Wood betony glycosides have been reported to demonstrate hypotensive activity by unblocking constrictive blood vessels in pharmacological research cited in the peer-reviewed phytochemical literature. Russian researchers documented hypotensive principals. Use in hypertension is traditional/clinical-herbalist practice without human RCT data.
Bronchitis is listed among the traditional uses of wood betony in European and folk herbal medicine, alongside other respiratory tract conditions, justified by its expectorant and anti-inflammatory properties. No clinical evidence exists.
Wood betony's primary traditional reputation is as a nervine that promotes calm and relaxation without strong sedation. Documented across centuries of European herbalism, it is described as invigorating yet settling, suitable for chronic nervous exhaustion. No clinical evidence exists.
Wood betony appears in traditional Western herbal practice as a thymoleptic (mood-lifting) nervine for low mood and depression linked to nervous exhaustion. Herbalist J.J. Pursell suggests combining it with St. John's wort for depression. No clinical evidence exists.
Wood betony is documented in folk and traditional herbal medicine for diarrhea, justified by its high tannin content providing astringent action on the intestinal mucosa. This is among its most consistently recorded traditional uses.
Epilepsy ('the falling sickness') is listed in John Gerard's 1597 Herball and other classic texts as a traditional indication for wood betony. This is a historical folk use with no modern scientific or clinical support.
Wood betony is listed in traditional and folk herbal records as a cholagogue and gallbladder tonic, specifically mentioned for gallstones by both Gerard (1597) and modern herbalists. Russian researchers documented cholagogue properties. No clinical evidence exists.
Wood betony has documented traditional use for gout, appearing in Renaissance pharmacy including Pistoia powder. Its diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties are the proposed mechanisms. No modern scientific evidence exists.
Headache is wood betony's most historically prominent traditional indication, rooted in the herb's Celtic name ('good head'). The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia recommends it for headaches. A reported hypotensive action of its glycosides provides a proposed mechanistic basis, though human trial data are absent.
Wood betony is documented in traditional European and folk herbalism as a remedy for insomnia and poor sleep, especially sleep disturbed by racing thoughts or nervous tension. Its sedative and nervine actions underpin this use. No clinical trial data exist.
Wood betony has traditional documented use for kidney stones, attributed to its diuretic properties increasing urinary flow and potentially preventing mineral precipitation. Gerard's 1597 Herball specifically lists breakage of kidney stones as a use.
Wood betony is documented in European herbalism as a cephalic herb traditionally used to improve memory, concentration, and cognitive clarity. It is described by some herbalists as having nootropic-like qualities. No clinical human evidence exists.
Wood betony is documented in traditional herbal practice for menopausal complaints, particularly restless insomnia and depression associated with stagnant or congested uterine conditions. This is a practitioner-based traditional use without clinical trial support.
Wood betony is documented in Western herbalism as an emmenagogue and antispasmodic for menstrual cramps and uterine congestion. Traditional texts and modern herbalists consistently list it for period pain, especially cramping with dark blood and clots.
Traditional herbalists and the folk medical literature document wood betony as a specific remedy for migraine, attributed to its hypotensive glycosides and antispasmodic action on cerebral circulation. No clinical trial evidence exists.
Wood betony is listed in traditional herbal records as a stomachic remedy for nausea, particularly that associated with weak or stressed digestion. Historical herbalists Menzies-Trull and others note its tonic action on the stomach for nausea. No clinical data exist.
Wood betony is traditionally used as a styptic (blood-stopping) herb for nosebleeds, taken internally in combination with yarrow or used as a topical application. This is documented in folk herbal texts.
Wood betony is listed in traditional herbal practice specifically for pre-menstrual complaints, combining its nervine and antispasmodic properties. It is documented in folk and herbal literature for frayed nerves, tension, and mood disturbance associated with the premenstrual phase.
Wood betony has documented traditional use for sinus headaches and nasal congestion, including a practice of snuffing the powdered herb to induce sneezing and clear nasal passages. It is also combined with other herbs for head colds.
Wood betony is traditionally used to promote deeper, more restorative sleep, particularly when disturbed by stress and nervous tension. Its calming and mild sedative properties are the basis of this use in European herbalism. No clinical research exists.
Wood betony has centuries of documented use in European folk medicine as an antistress and nerve tonic herb, used for states of mental fatigue, stress-related digestive upset, and nervous depletion. The alkaloid stachydrine is under preliminary investigation for stress-resilience roles. No human trials exist.
Wood betony has documented traditional use for urinary tract inflammation and urinary tract infections in European folk herbalism, attributed to its diuretic and antimicrobial properties. PeaceHealth records this use explicitly.
Wood betony is documented in European folk herbalism as a remedy for varicose veins, both internally and topically. The PeaceHealth health library lists this use explicitly. Tannin content provides a proposed mechanistic basis via venous toning.
Wood betony is one of Europe's oldest documented vulnerary (wound-healing) herbs. It is used topically as a wash, poultice, or compress for cuts, ulcers, bruises, and strains. Its tannin and anti-inflammatory constituents support a plausible mechanism.
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