Evidence supporting the use of: Elderberry
For the health condition: Colds (with fever)

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Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 3

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) has a long history of traditional use for treating colds and flu-like illnesses, particularly those accompanied by fever. In recent years, its use has been partially supported by scientific studies. Elderberries are rich in bioactive compounds, especially flavonoids like anthocyanins, which are thought to have antioxidant and immune-modulating effects. Several small clinical trials have evaluated elderberry extracts (often in syrup form) for their ability to reduce the severity and duration of cold and influenza symptoms. For example, a 2004 randomized controlled trial published in the journal Journal of International Medical Research found that elderberry extract reduced the duration and severity of flu symptoms compared to placebo. A 2016 meta-analysis published in Complementary Therapies in Medicine concluded that elderberry supplements may reduce upper respiratory symptoms, though the number of high-quality studies remains limited.

Mechanistically, elderberry's antiviral effects are thought to stem from its ability to inhibit the attachment and replication of certain viruses, including influenza. It may also promote cytokine production and enhance immune response. However, while these results are promising, most studies have small sample sizes and are of short duration. Larger, more rigorous trials are needed to confirm efficacy and safety, especially for treatment of colds with fever. In summary, elderberry’s use for cold and flu is supported by both tradition and preliminary scientific evidence, but more robust research is needed for conclusive recommendations.

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