Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 3

European Elder (Sambucus nigra) has a long history of traditional use in Europe for treating colds and flu-like symptoms, but importantly, there is also clinical and preclinical scientific evidence suggesting potential antiviral benefits. Elderberry extracts, particularly from the berries, have been shown in laboratory studies to inhibit replication of several viruses, including influenza viruses. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the effects of elderberry preparations on cold and influenza symptoms. For example, a 2016 meta-analysis (Tiralongo et al., Complement Ther Med) found that elderberry supplementation may reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms in air travelers. Another RCT (Zakay-Rones et al., J Int Med Res, 2004) found that elderberry syrup reduced the duration of influenza symptoms by about four days compared to placebo.

The proposed mechanisms include inhibition of viral entry into cells and enhancement of cytokine production, supporting the body's immune response. However, while the evidence is promising, the number and size of rigorous clinical trials remain limited, and variability in elderberry product formulations complicates interpretation. Thus, while not definitive, scientific evidence does support the use of European Elder for reducing cold duration and severity, justifying a moderate evidence rating.

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