Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 3

Propolis, a resinous substance produced by bees, has been used traditionally for its antimicrobial properties, but in recent decades, scientific research has provided some validation for its use as an adjunct or alternative to antibiotics. Propolis contains a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and esters, which have demonstrated antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities in vitro. Several studies have shown that propolis exhibits antibacterial effects against a range of pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus (including some methicillin-resistant strains), Escherichia coli, and Helicobacter pylori. Some clinical trials and animal studies suggest propolis can reduce infection severity or bacterial load, especially in oral and upper respiratory tract infections.

However, despite promising laboratory results and some early clinical data, there is insufficient large-scale, high-quality human evidence to recommend propolis as a standalone alternative to conventional antibiotics. Most studies to date are small, lack rigorous controls, or use varying formulations of propolis, making standardization and replication challenging. Additionally, while propolis may enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics or reduce antibiotic resistance in some contexts, these findings are preliminary. Overall, while propolis is scientifically validated to have antimicrobial properties (rating 3/5), it should not replace antibiotics for serious infections, but may have a role as a complementary therapy in mild, non-life-threatening infections, pending further research.

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