Vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant, has been explored for its role in mitigating skin damage from UV exposure, including sunburn. The rationale for its use stems from its ability to neutralize free radicals generated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, thereby potentially reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the skin. Some in vitro and animal studies have shown that topical or oral vitamin E can reduce markers of skin damage after UV exposure, such as erythema (redness) and lipid peroxidation. Small clinical trials in humans have also suggested that topical application of vitamin E, particularly when combined with other antioxidants like vitamin C, may provide modest protection against sunburn or assist in recovery by soothing the skin and reducing inflammation.

However, the scientific evidence is limited and mixed. Most studies involve small sample sizes, variable formulations, or combination products, making it difficult to isolate the specific effect of vitamin E. Some research warns that high concentrations of topical vitamin E could cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Major dermatological organizations do not routinely recommend vitamin E for the treatment of sunburn, instead emphasizing sun protection and the use of emollients or anti-inflammatory agents.

In conclusion, while there is some scientific rationale and limited evidence supporting the use of vitamin E for sunburn, the overall quality and consistency of the evidence are low, and it should not be considered a primary treatment.