Boswellic acid, a group of pentacyclic triterpene molecules derived from the resin of Boswellia serrata (also known as frankincense), has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties. Recent scientific studies have provided evidence that boswellic acids can modulate the body's inflammatory response by influencing prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that play key roles in inflammation and pain signaling.

The mechanism by which boswellic acids exert their effects involves the selective inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of leukotrienes, and partial inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is involved in prostaglandin production. By downregulating these pathways, boswellic acids help reduce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including specific prostaglandins associated with pain and swelling.

Several in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated that boswellic acid reduces inflammation by modulating these enzymatic pathways, and a limited number of human clinical trials suggest benefit in conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, while the evidence is promising, most human studies are small and of variable quality. Thus, while there is scientific validation for the use of boswellic acid in supporting the prostaglandin system and related inflammatory processes, more robust clinical research is required to fully establish its efficacy and safety.