Unsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), have been investigated for their role in supporting and treating peripheral neuropathy. The scientific rationale is primarily based on their anti-inflammatory properties and their role in maintaining neuronal membrane integrity. Some preclinical studies in animal models of neuropathy (such as those induced by diabetes or chemotherapy) have shown that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids can reduce nerve inflammation, promote nerve regeneration, and improve neuropathic symptoms. For example, a few small clinical trials in humans have explored the effects of omega-3 supplementation (e.g., fish oil) in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, with some reporting modest improvements in nerve function and symptom relief. However, these studies often have small sample sizes, short durations, and methodological limitations.

The overall body of evidence remains limited and somewhat inconsistent, and larger, well-controlled clinical trials are required to establish clear efficacy. While there is a plausible biological mechanism and some encouraging early data, current clinical guidelines do not universally recommend unsaturated fatty acids as a first-line therapy for peripheral neuropathy. As such, the scientific evidence supporting their use is considered weak to moderate (rating: 2 out of 5). Their use is generally considered adjunctive rather than primary treatment and should not replace established therapies.