Omega-3 fatty acids, primarily EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), have been investigated for their potential to support or treat peripheral neuropathy. This interest is based on their known anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Preclinical studies in animal models have shown that omega-3 supplementation can reduce neuropathic pain behaviors and promote nerve regeneration. The proposed mechanisms include modulation of inflammatory cytokines, improvement of neuronal membrane fluidity, and enhancement of neurotrophic factors that support nerve health.

In humans, the evidence is still limited and generally of low to moderate quality. Some small clinical trials and observational studies have reported improvements in neuropathic symptoms, particularly in patients with diabetes-induced peripheral neuropathy, when supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids. For example, a 2017 pilot study in Diabetes Care found that high-dose EPA/DHA supplementation improved neuropathy symptoms and promoted nerve fiber regeneration in patients with type 1 diabetes. However, larger randomized controlled trials are lacking, and systematic reviews generally conclude that there is insufficient high-quality evidence to make definitive recommendations.

In summary, the use of omega-3 fatty acids for peripheral neuropathy is supported by plausible biological mechanisms and some early clinical data, but robust scientific validation is lacking. Therefore, the evidence is rated as 2 out of 5, indicating weak but emerging scientific support.