Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 3

Methylxanthines are a class of compounds that include caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. There is moderate scientific evidence supporting their effects on the muscular system, primarily through the actions of caffeine. Caffeine is known to enhance skeletal muscle contractility and delay fatigue. It works by antagonizing adenosine receptors, increasing intracellular cyclic AMP, and promoting the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, all of which can enhance muscle performance during exercise.

Numerous studies have shown that caffeine supplementation can improve endurance, strength, and power output in both trained and untrained individuals. The International Society of Sports Nutrition and other sports medicine organizations recognize caffeine as an effective ergogenic aid, particularly for activities involving endurance and high-intensity exercise. Effects on muscle strength and power are less consistent, but some research supports benefits in these areas as well.

While most of the data focus on caffeine rather than all methylxanthines, the evidence base is sufficient to support the use of caffeine (a methylxanthine) for muscular support in athletic contexts. However, the effects may vary between individuals, and excessive intake can cause side effects. Other methylxanthines, such as theobromine and theophylline, have less compelling evidence for supporting muscle function in healthy individuals, and are not typically used for this purpose outside of specific medical contexts (e.g., respiratory diseases).

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