Lithium is one of the most well-established and scientifically validated treatments for mood swings, particularly in bipolar disorder. Its use dates back to the mid-20th century, when studies demonstrated its effectiveness in stabilizing mood and reducing the frequency and severity of manic and depressive episodes. Lithium’s mood-stabilizing effects have been confirmed in numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. It is considered the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorder and has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of relapse and suicide in affected patients.

The mechanism by which lithium stabilizes mood is not fully understood, but it is believed to modulate neurotransmitter activity, alter second messenger systems, and affect gene expression in the brain. Lithium’s efficacy is recognized by major psychiatric guidelines worldwide, and it is included in treatment algorithms for mood disorders by organizations such as the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).

While lithium requires careful monitoring due to its narrow therapeutic index and potential side effects (e.g., thyroid and kidney disturbances), the scientific evidence supporting its use is robust. Its ability to prevent both manic and depressive recurrences makes it unique among mood stabilizers and a cornerstone of evidence-based psychiatric care.