Polyphenols are a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds found in plants, including fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, and cocoa. Their use to support mitochondrial function is primarily justified by scientific research rather than tradition. Several studies have demonstrated that polyphenols, such as resveratrol (found in grapes) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, found in green tea), can exert beneficial effects on mitochondrial health. These effects include enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis (the creation of new mitochondria), improving mitochondrial efficiency, and protecting mitochondria from oxidative stress-induced damage. Mechanistically, polyphenols appear to activate signaling pathways such as SIRT1/PGC-1α, which are important regulators of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism.

Animal studies and cell culture experiments provide the majority of evidence for these effects, showing improved mitochondrial activity, decreased production of reactive oxygen species, and enhanced cellular energy status following polyphenol supplementation. However, human clinical trials are more limited and often show modest or inconsistent results, partly due to differences in polyphenol bioavailability and metabolism between individuals. Overall, while there is a solid scientific rationale and preclinical evidence for polyphenols supporting mitochondrial function, more robust and consistent human data are needed to fully validate their clinical efficacy.