Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 3

Ketones, specifically in the form of exogenous ketone supplements (such as ketone esters or salts) and endogenous ketone production via ketogenic diets, have been investigated for their effects on memory and brain function. The scientific rationale is that ketones, particularly beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), serve as an alternative energy source for the brain, especially when glucose metabolism is impaired, as can occur in aging and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Several studies in animals and humans suggest that ketones may improve cognitive performance, particularly in individuals with mild cognitive impairment or early Alzheimer's disease. Clinical trials have shown modest improvements in memory and cognitive scores with ketogenic interventions or exogenous ketone supplementation, but these effects are not universal, and larger, longer-term studies are needed. The strongest evidence exists in the context of neurological diseases with compromised glucose metabolism, rather than in healthy adults. Mechanistically, ketones may reduce neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and amyloid-beta accumulation, all of which are implicated in cognitive decline. However, while there is a growing body of scientific research and mechanistic plausibility, the overall level of evidence is moderate, warranting a rating of 3. Traditional medicine systems did not use isolated ketones for memory or brain health, as the concept is rooted in modern biochemistry.

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