Ginkgolides are a class of terpene lactones found in the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree, a plant long used in traditional medicine. Modern research has focused on standardized Ginkgo biloba extracts, which contain ginkgolides as well as flavonoids and other compounds. The primary rationale for using ginkgolides to support memory and brain function comes from their ability to act as platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists, potentially improving cerebral blood flow and providing neuroprotective effects.

Several randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have investigated Ginkgo biloba extracts (not isolated ginkgolides) for cognitive impairment and dementia. Some studies report modest improvements in cognitive function and activities of daily living, particularly in individuals with mild to moderate dementia or age-related cognitive decline. However, results are inconsistent, with some large-scale studies (e.g., the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study) finding no significant benefit in preventing cognitive decline or Alzheimer's disease in older adults.

The evidence specifically isolating the effects of ginkgolides, as opposed to whole Ginkgo biloba extracts, is limited. Therefore, while there is some scientific basis for the use of Ginkgo biloba (and by extension ginkgolides) in supporting memory and brain function, the strength of this evidence is moderate at best and not universally accepted. Quality, standardized extracts and appropriate dosing remain critical factors in outcomes.