Caryophyllene, specifically β-caryophyllene, is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene found in various plants such as black pepper, cloves, and cannabis. Its use to support joint health has a basis in scientific research, primarily through its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. β-caryophyllene selectively binds to the CB2 cannabinoid receptor, which is predominantly expressed in peripheral tissues and immune cells. Activation of CB2 receptors has been shown to modulate inflammation and immune responses, both of which are relevant in joint health and conditions such as arthritis.

Preclinical studies, particularly in animal models, have demonstrated that β-caryophyllene can reduce markers of inflammation and decrease pain-related behaviors in models of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. For example, studies published in peer-reviewed journals have shown that oral administration of β-caryophyllene reduces joint swelling and proinflammatory cytokine production in rodents with induced arthritis. While these findings are promising, robust human clinical trials are lacking, and most of the current evidence is limited to in vitro or animal research.

In summary, there is a reasonable scientific rationale, supported by preclinical evidence, for the use of caryophyllene in supporting joint health, largely due to its anti-inflammatory actions via the endocannabinoid system. However, the lack of substantial human data restricts the overall strength of the evidence to moderate.