There is emerging scientific interest in the use of stem cells as a potential treatment for epilepsy, particularly in cases that are refractory to conventional therapies. Preclinical studies in animal models have shown that transplantation of various types of stem cells, such as neural stem cells or mesenchymal stem cells, can reduce seizure frequency and severity. The proposed mechanisms include the restoration of inhibitory interneuron populations, modulation of neuroinflammation, and the release of neurotrophic factors that may repair or protect neural circuits involved in seizure generation.

However, clinical evidence in humans remains limited. Early-phase clinical trials and case reports have suggested potential benefits in some patients, but these studies are few, small in scale, and often lack rigorous controls. The safety profile of stem cell therapies is still being established, and no stem cell-based therapy has been approved specifically for the treatment of epilepsy as of 2024. Thus, while the scientific rationale is supported by preclinical data and preliminary human studies, the overall quality and quantity of clinical evidence remain low. Further large-scale, controlled clinical trials are necessary to determine the efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes of stem cell therapies for epilepsy.