Chinese peony (Paeonia lactiflora) has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the management of gynecological disorders, including dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation). In TCM, the root of Chinese peony (commonly called "Bai Shao") is believed to nourish the blood, regulate menstruation, and alleviate pain. It is often a key component in classic herbal formulas such as Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang, which is widely prescribed for menstrual cramps and muscle spasms.

Beyond traditional use, there is moderate scientific evidence supporting its efficacy. Several clinical studies and systematic reviews have assessed formulas containing Chinese peony for dysmenorrhea. A 2016 systematic review published in the journal Medicine found that herbal formulas containing Bai Shao, particularly when combined with licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), significantly reduced menstrual pain compared to placebo or conventional medication, though the quality of evidence was moderate due to methodological limitations in the original studies. Preclinical research suggests that paeoniflorin, a major active compound in peony root, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and analgesic properties, which may explain its benefit in dysmenorrhea.

While more large, high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these effects and determine optimal dosing, the current evidence base—supported by both historical and preliminary scientific data—justifies the use of Chinese peony as an adjunct in managing dysmenorrhea.