Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), including resolvins, protectins, and maresins, are bioactive lipid molecules derived from omega-3 fatty acids that actively drive the resolution of inflammation. Their use in supporting or treating diabetic retinopathy is justified primarily on a scientific, preclinical basis. The rationale stems from the recognition that chronic, unresolved inflammation is a central component in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. SPMs have been shown in animal models to reduce retinal inflammation, vascular leakage, and neovascularization—key processes in diabetic retinopathy—by modulating inflammatory cell recruitment and promoting tissue repair. Experimental studies, particularly in diabetic rodents, demonstrate that SPMs can downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α and IL-1β), inhibit leukostasis, and reduce oxidative stress in retinal tissues. For example, administration of resolvin D1 has been found to attenuate retinal vascular damage and preserve barrier integrity in diabetic rats. However, there is currently a lack of large-scale human clinical trials directly investigating SPM supplementation or pharmacological analogs in diabetic retinopathy. Most human data are indirect, focusing on omega-3 fatty acid intake and its association with lower risk of diabetic eye disease. In summary, while there is a scientific basis, mostly from preclinical research, for the use of SPMs in diabetic retinopathy, robust clinical evidence in humans is lacking. This positions SPMs as a promising but as yet unproven adjunct in the management of diabetic retinopathy.

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