Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 3

Unsaturated fats, particularly omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in fish oil (EPA and DHA), have been investigated for their role in supporting or treating depression. Several epidemiological studies have shown that populations consuming diets high in omega-3 fatty acids have lower rates of depression. Mechanistically, omega-3s are known to influence cell membrane fluidity, neurotransmitter function, and inflammatory pathways, all of which are implicated in the pathophysiology of depression.

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses provide mixed but generally supportive evidence for the use of omega-3 supplementation—particularly EPA-rich formulations—as an adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder. For example, a 2016 meta-analysis published in "Translational Psychiatry" found that omega-3 supplementation had a small but statistically significant effect on reducing depressive symptoms, especially when EPA content was higher than DHA. However, not all studies show benefit, and the efficacy appears most pronounced in individuals with clinical depression rather than mild depressive symptoms or the general population.

The evidence for other types of unsaturated fats (e.g., monounsaturated fats from olive oil) is much weaker and generally not considered clinically relevant for depression. Overall, while unsaturated fats—specifically omega-3s—are supported by scientific evidence for adjunctive use in depression, they are not a standalone treatment and should be used as part of a broader therapeutic strategy.

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