Evidence supporting the use of: Vitamin B12 (Hydroxycobalamin)
For the health condition: Dementia

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Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

Vitamin B12 (including hydroxycobalamin) is justified for use in dementia primarily on scientific grounds, but the evidence is limited and applies mainly to specific situations. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause reversible cognitive impairment, neuropathy, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, including confusion and memory loss that may mimic dementia. Several observational studies have found an association between low B12 levels and cognitive impairment, particularly in elderly populations. Randomized controlled trials, however, have generally shown that B12 supplementation does not improve cognition in individuals without deficiency or established dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease. The strongest scientific support for B12 supplementation is in cases where laboratory-confirmed deficiency exists. In these cases, supplementation can prevent further neurological decline and may partially reverse cognitive symptoms, especially if caught early. For the broader population with dementia who have normal B12 levels, the evidence does not support routine use of B12 supplementation to treat or prevent dementia. Thus, while B12 is not a cure for dementia, it is an essential part of the evaluation and management of cognitive decline to rule out reversible causes.

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