Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 3

Terpene lactones, particularly those found in Ginkgo biloba extracts (such as ginkgolides and bilobalide), are used to support or treat dementia. The rationale for their use has a foundation in scientific investigation, although the evidence is mixed and not universally strong. Several clinical trials and meta-analyses have evaluated standardized Ginkgo biloba extracts (containing terpene lactones and flavonoids) for cognitive impairment and dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Some studies report modest benefits in cognitive function, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and activities of daily living compared to placebo, particularly when standardized extracts (e.g., EGb 761) are used at adequate dosages. The proposed mechanisms include neuroprotection, antioxidant effects, inhibition of platelet-activating factor, and improvement of cerebral blood flow—actions attributed in part to terpene lactones.

However, results across studies are inconsistent, and the observed effects are generally small. Major clinical guidelines do not endorse Ginkgo biloba or terpene lactones as a primary treatment for dementia, citing insufficient evidence of meaningful clinical benefit. Nevertheless, the use is scientifically motivated and better supported than many alternative therapies. It is important to note that "terpene lactone (unspecified)" is a vague designation, and only certain terpene lactones (notably those in Ginkgo biloba) have been studied for this indication.

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