Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

Fatty acids, particularly omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been investigated for their potential role in supporting cognitive health and treating dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. The scientific rationale stems from the observation that DHA is an essential component of neuronal membranes and may influence neuroinflammation, synaptic function, and neuroprotection.

Epidemiological studies have suggested that populations with higher dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids may have a lower incidence of dementia. Some small clinical trials and observational studies have shown modest cognitive benefits in individuals with mild cognitive impairment or at risk for dementia, but results are inconsistent. Large randomized controlled trials, such as the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS), have generally failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefits of omega-3 supplementation in established dementia.

Current consensus from systematic reviews and meta-analyses is that omega-3 fatty acids may have a small effect in slowing cognitive decline in the very early stages or in those with mild cognitive impairment, but evidence is insufficient to recommend them as a primary therapy for established dementia. Guidelines generally do not endorse fatty acid supplementation as a treatment for dementia, although they may suggest maintaining a healthy diet that includes sources of omega-3 fatty acids for overall brain health.

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