Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 3

Polyphenols, a broad class of naturally occurring compounds found in plants (such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenes), have garnered increasing scientific interest for their potential role in supporting or treating colitis, including both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Several preclinical studies using animal models of colitis (e.g., DSS-induced colitis in mice) have shown that polyphenol-rich extracts from foods like green tea, berries, grapes, and curcumin can reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage. These effects are thought to be mediated by modulation of inflammatory pathways (such as downregulation of NF-κB signaling), reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6), and enhancement of antioxidant defenses. Limited but promising human data exist. Small pilot studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with polyphenol-rich foods or extracts (such as curcumin, resveratrol, or green tea) have shown improvements in clinical symptoms and inflammatory markers in people with ulcerative colitis. However, results are variable and studies are often small and heterogeneous in design, making definitive conclusions difficult. Overall, while the mechanistic and animal data are robust and human studies are promising, the evidence for using mixed polyphenols to treat colitis is moderate and not yet conclusive. Larger, well-designed RCTs are needed to establish efficacy, optimal dosing, and safety.

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