Beta-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides found in the cell walls of cereals, bacteria, and fungi. Their use in colitis, particularly inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis, is primarily supported by preclinical research rather than extensive human trials. Animal studies have demonstrated that beta-glucans can attenuate colitis symptoms by modulating immune responses, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhancing gut barrier function. For example, research in rodent models has shown that beta-glucan administration can decrease colonic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mucosal damage.

Mechanistically, beta-glucans interact with immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, leading to a shift towards anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles (e.g., increased IL-10, decreased TNF-α). Additionally, beta-glucans may positively influence the gut microbiota, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and the production of short-chain fatty acids, which are important for colonic health.

However, clinical evidence in humans is limited. A small number of pilot studies or trials in patients with colitis have suggested possible benefits (e.g., improved symptoms or reduced inflammation), but these studies are generally underpowered and not definitive. At present, while beta-glucans show promise based on laboratory and animal data, robust clinical trials are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety for treating colitis in humans.