Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

Formononetin is an isoflavone found in various plants, including red clover (Trifolium pratense). It has been investigated for its potential cardiovascular benefits, primarily in preclinical and some limited clinical studies. The scientific rationale for its use in cardiovascular disease (CVD) centers around its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic effects, which are hypothesized to improve vascular function and reduce risk factors associated with CVD.

Preclinical studies have demonstrated that formononetin can reduce oxidative stress, inhibit LDL oxidation, and improve endothelial function in animal models. Some studies also suggest it may reduce atherosclerotic plaque formation and improve lipid profiles. For example, research has shown that formononetin can activate the PI3K/Akt pathway, leading to enhanced nitric oxide production and vasodilation, and can inhibit inflammatory cytokines that play a role in atherogenesis.

However, evidence in humans is sparse, and most available data comes from in vitro or animal studies rather than large, high-quality clinical trials. While a few small trials of red clover extracts (which contain formononetin) have reported modest improvements in lipid profiles and vascular function, the results are inconsistent, and the specific contribution of formononetin is unclear.

In summary, there is some scientific basis for the potential cardiovascular benefits of formononetin, but the evidence remains preliminary and primarily preclinical. Thus, the overall rating for evidence supporting its use in cardiovascular disease is 2 out of 5.

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