Physalis angulata

Physalis angulata L. — A Comprehensive Reference Article

1. Identity and Botanical Classification

1.1 Nomenclature and Taxonomy

Physalis angulata is classified as an herbaceous plant belonging to the family Solanaceae. The genus name Physalis derives from the Greek word for "bladder," a reference to the inflated, papery calyx that encloses the fruit. The species epithet angulata refers to the angled or angular stems characteristic of the plant. The species was formally described by Carl Linnaeus, and the full accepted botanical name is Physalis angulata L.

Among the species distributed in China are Physalis alkekengi Linn., Physalis minima Linn., Physalis angulata Linn., Physalis peruviana Linn., Physalis philadelphica Lam., as well as Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino, and Physalis angulata var. villosa Bonati.

1.2 Common Names

Physalis angulata is known by a large number of vernacular names across different cultures and regions. In Chinese traditional medicine it is called Ku-Zhi (苦职). In South America — particularly across Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil — it is widely referred to as mullaca or bolsa mullaca. In Indonesia it is known as ciplukan. In English-speaking contexts, the most widely used names are cutleaf groundcherry and angled groundcherry.

1.3 Botanical Description and Natural Distribution

It grows up to 1,600 m above sea level, and its distribution ranges from the United States to Argentina, but it is naturalized in most of the world. Botanically, it is characterized by erect, angular stems with trichomes, ovate-lanceolate leaves, flowers with pedicels, a sub-conical calyx, a rotate corolla, and a berry fruit.

Physalis angulata is a species of the Solanaceae family whose edible fruit is used in several countries of tropical and subtropical regions of the world as both a medicinal and food plant.

1.4 Plant Parts Used and Common Preparations

The stem, leaves, fruit, and fruiting calyx of the genus Physalis are the primary medicinal parts for the treatment of inflammatory illness. One plant widely recognized for its medicinal properties is Physalis angulata L. Despite its frequent use in traditional medicine, particularly its leaves, limited studies have focused on the isolation of flavonoid compounds from this part of the plant.

Preparations documented in the scientific and ethnobotanical literature include aqueous decoctions and infusions of leaves, roots, and whole aerial parts; lyophilized aqueous extracts; ethanol and methanol extracts of various plant parts; and, more recently, standardized extracts enriched in physalins or withanolides for research purposes.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

2.1 Overview of Traditional Use Across Cultures

In various parts of the world, this species has been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of infections, inflammations, and metabolic disorders. In the case of Peru, P. angulata is recognized as a medicinal and culturally valuable plant resource, mainly used to manage diseases such as diabetes, nervous system disorders, gastrointestinal conditions, and asthma, and for its potential in various biotechnological applications.

In China, Physalis angulata, a folk medicine called "Ku-Zhi," was used to cure impaludism (malaria), tracheitis, dermatitis, rheumatism, and hepatitis, and was also used in Mexico, Indonesia, Peru, and Brazil.

2.2 Latin American Traditions

It has been recognized in Peru that the natives of the Peruvian Amazon use P. angulata L. for "Tertian" (a form of malaria) and for treating malaria. The mestizo population uses it to treat diabetes, hepatitis, asthma, malaria, and scabies.

In Peru and Brazil, decoctions of leaves and roots are employed to treat fever, postpartum infections, malaria, diabetes, and inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, while in Bolivia, root decoctions address fever.

Studies related to traditional uses show that P. angulata is known for its antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and post-partum treating properties.

2.3 African Traditions

The reported traditional use in Nigeria is widespread, which includes treating nephritis, gonorrhea, postpartum hemorrhage, rashes, sleeping sickness, and to prevent abortion. In Nigeria and Kenya, the whole plant or leaves are used for malaria, tumors, asthma, dermatitis, inflammation, and stomach pain, with fruits applied topically for infections.

2.4 Asian Traditions

Madura Island is well known for its traditional herbal ingredients that have been produced from generation to generation. Yor-nyiuran (Physalis angulata L.) is one species used by local Madurese people as medicine, food, and grows wild. Traditional medicine uses recorded in Madura include treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and cancer.

Physalis angulata L., a traditional Chinese medicine called "Kuzhi" in China, was used traditionally to treat liver diseases such as icterus (jaundice) and hepatitis. Phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of various types of substances in the plant, including flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, diterpenoids, and steroids.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

3.1 Primary Chemical Classes

The identification of phytochemical constituents with medicinal importance has been carried out, the main ones being physalins and withanolides. A variety of chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from Physalis L., mainly including steroids, flavonoids, and so on.

In P. angulata, multiple phytochemical constituents have been reported, among which physalins and withanolides predominate, as well as flavonoids, terpenes, carotenoids, and new compounds from these families that continue to be isolated and purified that complement the pharmacological properties of the species.

3.2 Withanolides

The withanolides are a group of natural C₂₈ steroids with a γ- or δ-lactone based on an ergostane skeleton, which are derived from a parent 23-hydroxy-26-oic or 22-hydroxy-26-oic acid. They can be further divided into 22 subtypes based on differences of the structural skeleton, such as normal withanolides, physalins, withaphysalins, neophysalins, jaborols, and so on.

Approximately 351 natural withanolides with novel and unique structures have so far been identified from the genus Physalis, mainly isolated from the species of P. angulata and P. peruviana.

Fractionation of CHCl₃ and n-BuOH solubles of the MeOH extract from the whole plant led to the isolation of seven new withanolides, withangulatins B–H (1–7), and a new minor physalin, physalin W (8), along with 14 known compounds, including physaprun A, withaphysanolide, dihydrowithanolide E, physanolide A, withaphysalin A, and physalins B, D, F, G, I, J, T, U, and V.

The plant contains bioactive compounds including withanolides such as physagulin A–D and withangulatin A–I, physalins like B, D, F, and G, flavonoids such as myricetin 3-O-neohesperidoside, and alkaloids like phygrine, which contribute to its pharmacological properties.

3.3 Physalins

Physalins, commonly termed 16,24-cyclo-13,14-seco steroids, are classified as a group of withanolides with the most advanced oxidation level. Physalins, including physalins and neophysalins, are a class of highly oxygenated ergostane-type steroids.

Phytochemical investigations of P. angulata have led to the isolation of many physalins and normal withanolides, such as physalins A, B, D, E, F, G, I, and H, and physagulins A, B, C, and F, and some of them displayed remarkable anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antinociceptive, and immunomodulatory activities.

Further bioactivity-guided fractionation of the CH₂Cl₂-soluble layer led to the isolation and identification of two new withanolides and six known analogues of physagulin F, physagulin K, Physalin B, Physalin F, Physalin H, and 5α-ethoxy-6β-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrophysalin B.

3.4 Polyphenols and Flavonoids

The main polyphenols in mullaca include caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid (phenolic acids), as well as kaempferol, isoquercitrin, rutin, quercitrin, and quercetin (flavonoids). Extracts demonstrate antimicrobial activity against pathogens including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as antioxidant effects attributed to carotenoids like all-trans-β-carotene.

4. Mechanisms of Action

4.1 Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms

Physalins B and F have potent suppressive activity by inhibiting the proliferation of lymphocytes, and have also been shown to inhibit both the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of macrophages. These activities can help decrease inflammation and fibrosis, making them useful in treating immune-mediated diseases. This suggests that some effects observed in traditional medicine for the genus Physalis may be partly due to the action of these pseudo-steroids with immunoinflammatory action.

The crude ethanol extract of P. angulata (CEEPA) reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS mRNA in CFA-induced paw inflammation. Likewise, CEEPA decreased the TNF-α, IL-1β, and PGE2 paw levels. In conclusion, CEEPA induces antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects associated with modulation of cytokine and cyclooxygenase pathways.

The fruit of Physalis angulata L. alleviates sepsis-associated lung injury through suppressing M1 polarization of macrophage via regulation of PFKFB3.

4.2 Immunomodulatory and Immunosuppressive Mechanisms

Physalin B-treated mice had lower levels of serum TNF-alpha than control mice after lipopolysaccharide challenge. More importantly, mice injected with physalins B, F, or G survived after a lethal lipopolysaccharide challenge. These results demonstrate that seco-steroids from P. angulata are potent immunomodulatory substances and act through a mechanism distinct from that of dexamethasone.

The immunomodulatory effects of Physalis angulata L. extract fraction VII (PA-VII), PA-VII-A, PA-VII-B, and PA-VII-C were investigated. PA-VII and PA-VII-C strongly enhanced blastogenesis response, PA-VII-B had moderate activity, and PA-VII-A exerted only slight effect on cell proliferation. A synergistic effect was observed when the suboptimal dosage of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was added to the culture. Furthermore, PA-VII and PA-VII-C possessed stimulatory activity on B cells and less effect on T cells. The antibody responses were also augmented by PA-VII, PA-VII-B, and PA-VII-C, but not by PA-VII-A.

4.3 Anticancer Mechanisms

Physalin F was observed to significantly induce cytotoxicity of three human renal carcinoma A498, ACHN, and UO-31 cells in a concentration-dependent manner; this was especially potent in A498 cells. The physalin F-induced cell apoptosis of A498 cells was characterized by nuclear DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. Using flow cytometry analysis, physalin F induced A498 cell apoptosis as demonstrated by the accumulation of the sub-G1 phase in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.

By altering mitochondrial function, physalin B causes G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell death in human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549) and a cell line for human breast cancer (MCF-7), affecting p53-dependent signaling. The survival and proliferation of the undifferentiated gastric cancer cell line HGC-27 and its ability to produce clones were all inhibited by physalin B, which induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and caspase 8, 3, 7, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage.

In vitro, certain withanolide compounds markedly inhibited the proliferation of B16F10 and A375 melanoma cells by inducing cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis via activation of the p53 signaling pathway, which was further confirmed by Trp53 knockout in B16F10 cells. In vivo, these compounds significantly suppressed the growth of B16F10 and A375 subcutaneous xenografts in mice and concomitantly activated intratumoral p53 signaling.

4.4 Antiparasitic Mechanisms

Addition of physalins B, F, and G caused a concentration-dependent inhibition in the growth of L. amazonensis promastigotes, with IC₅₀ values of 6.8, 1.4, and 9.2 μM, respectively. Physalin D was less active with an IC₅₀ value of 30.5 μM. Physalins were also active in cultures of other Leishmania species (L. major, L. braziliensis, and L. chagasi). These results demonstrate the potent antileishmanial activity of physalins in cultures of Leishmania species of the New and Old Worlds and suggest the therapeutic potential of these seco-steroids.

Soares et al. (2003) report that physalins B, F, and G isolated from ethanolic extract of P. angulata have potent immunosuppressive activities in macrophages and in lipopolysaccharide-induced shock.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

5.1 Anti-inflammatory Activity

Physalis angulata is a popular medicine used in Brazil due to its anti-inflammatory effects. A lyophilized aqueous extract from the roots of Physalis angulata Linneu (AEPa) was used to control the inflammatory response induced by the injection of 1% carrageenan into subcutaneous rat's air pouches. At 1 mg/kg, AEPa showed significant anti-inflammatory effects, decreasing exudate volume, total number of inflammatory cells, ADA activity, nitrite level, and PGE₂ level. This evidence is preclinical (animal model) and does not constitute clinical (human) evidence.

In murine models, the ethanol extract of the fruit of Physalis angulata L. (EPAF) has been demonstrated to effectively inhibit structural damage and inflammation in the lung tissue of a murine model of LPS-induced acute lung injury. Again, this is in vivo animal evidence only.

5.2 Immunomodulatory Activity

Physalin F is a secosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. A study investigated the effects of physalin F on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HAM/TSP subjects (individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis). Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) induces a strong activation of the immune system, especially in individuals with HAM/TSP. A concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous proliferation of PBMC from HAM/TSP subjects was observed in the presence of physalin F; the IC₅₀ for physalin F was 0.97 ± 0.11 μM. This represents one of the few studies using human-derived cells (ex vivo), although it is not a clinical trial.

5.3 Anticancer / Antitumor Activity

Previous studies on P. angulata demonstrated that its CH₂Cl₂ extract possessed cytotoxic activity against A549 (human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines) with an IC₅₀ value of 22.4 μg/mL. Isolated withanolides exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against A549, HeLa, and p388 cell lines. Furthermore, specific compounds induced typical apoptotic cell death in the A549 cell line according to the evaluation of the apoptosis-inducing activity by flow cytometric analysis.

Isolated physalins were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against human cancer cells (C4-2B, 22Rv1, 786-O, A-498, ACHN, and A375-S2) and inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production. Compounds 9 and 10 showed antiproliferative activities against all tested human cancer cells with IC₅₀ values of 0.24–3.17 μM.

P. angulata L. acts as an anticancer agent in Y79, HeLa, DLD-1, MCF-7, and HGC-27 cancer cell lines.

In 2006, Magalhães et al. conducted in vivo studies investigating the antitumor activity of P. angulata L. using mice bearing sarcoma 180 tumor cells, confirming the antitumor activity of physalin B and D.

Evidence characterization: All anticancer evidence to date is in vitro (cell lines) or in vivo in rodent models. No human clinical trials for cancer have been conducted with Physalis angulata extracts or its isolated compounds. The evidence is preliminary.

5.4 Antiparasitic and Antimalarial Activity

P. angulata L. acts as an antiparasitic agent against Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania amazonensis, and Leishmania braziliensis. Studies on the antileishmanial activity of physalins demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition against multiple Leishmania species in culture systems; however, all evidence remains preclinical. No controlled human trials for leishmaniasis or malaria have been published using standardized P. angulata preparations.

5.5 Antimicrobial Activity

P. angulata L. has antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evidence is predominantly in vitro and preclinical.

5.6 Antidiabetic Activity

Scientific evidence suggests that P. angulata L. possesses antibacterial, anticancer, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antidiabetic properties. In one in vitro study, the highest inhibition percentages of 97.23% and 96.53% were noted against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase respectively at 100 µg/mL. These enzyme inhibition results are preliminary and in vitro; no human clinical trials on blood glucose management have been published for this species.

5.7 Antifibrotic Activity

Recent studies showed that withanolides including withagulatin A and physalins B and D had great potential in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. The ethanol extract of P. angulata showed antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities in 3T3-L1 cells. Both activities are associated with the antifibrotic activity of P. angulata's ethanol extract. This is in vitro evidence only.

5.8 Antinociceptive (Pain-Relieving) Activity

Physalin F, a steroidal derivative isolated from Physalis species, was demonstrated to have antinociceptive properties in models of acute and inflammatory pain. Apart from suppression of the proinflammatory TNF-α production, the mechanisms by which physalin F elicited pain relief remained unknown.

In the writhing test, physalins B, D, F, and G showed antinociceptive effects. In addition, the crude ethanol extract reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS mRNA in CFA-induced paw inflammation. Likewise, the extract decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and PGE2 paw levels. In conclusion, the extract induces antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects associated with modulation of cytokine and cyclooxygenase pathways.

5.9 Antioxidant Activity

In P. angulata, multiple phytochemical constituents have been reported, among which physalins and withanolides predominate, as well as flavonoids, terpenes, and carotenoids that complement the pharmacological properties of the species. Antioxidant properties have been repeatedly demonstrated in in vitro assays using multiple extract types, but again, clinical human data are absent.

5.10 Overall Evidence Strength

Over the past 10 years, the benefits of P. angulata L. as a medicinal plant have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo, with research regarding the antibacterial, anticancer, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antidiabetic properties conducted. Despite this body of work, the entire body of pharmacological evidence for Physalis angulata remains at the preclinical stage — comprised of in vitro (cell-based), in vivo (animal model), and ex vivo studies. No peer-reviewed, controlled human clinical trials have established efficacy for any specific indication. The evidence should therefore be characterized as preliminary, mechanistically interesting, and not yet sufficient to support therapeutic claims in human medicine.

6. Body Systems and Health Areas Associated with Physalis angulata

• Immune system: Immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effects (physalins B, F, G; ex vivo human PBMC data)
• Inflammatory pathways: Inhibition of prostaglandin E2, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB signaling, macrophage polarization (preclinical)
• Oncology: Cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activity in lung, breast, colon, melanoma, renal, gastric, and hepatoma cancer cell lines (preclinical)
• Parasitology: Antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal, and antimalarial effects (preclinical)
• Metabolic health: Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition relevant to blood glucose regulation (in vitro)
• Hepatic system: Traditional use for hepatitis; anti-hepatic fibrosis activity of withanolides (preclinical)
• Respiratory system: Traditional use for asthma and tracheitis; anti-acute-lung-injury activity (preclinical)
• Musculoskeletal / pain: Antinociceptive activity against acute and inflammatory pain (preclinical)
• Antimicrobial defense: Activity against a range of clinically relevant bacterial pathogens (in vitro)

7. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages from Studies

No standardized dosage has been established for Physalis angulata in humans. The following dosages are those described specifically within the cited research studies and should not be interpreted as therapeutic recommendations.

• In a rat carrageenan air pouch model, lyophilized aqueous root extract (AEPa) was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg, 1 hour before carrageenan administration. AEPa at 0.5 mg/kg had no effect; 1 mg/kg showed significant anti-inflammatory effects.
• In the ex vivo PBMC study using human-derived cells from HAM/TSP patients, a concentration-dependent inhibition of proliferation was observed; the IC₅₀ for physalin F was 0.97 ± 0.11 μM.
• The CH₂Cl₂ extract of P. angulata showed cytotoxic activity against A549 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 22.4 μg/mL.
• In antiproliferative assays, compounds isolated from P. angulata showed IC₅₀ values of 0.24–3.17 μM against human cancer cell lines.
• In an in vitro antidiabetic study, the highest enzyme inhibition (97.23% against alpha-amylase and 96.53% against alpha-glucosidase) was observed at 100 µg/mL of fruit extract.
• In antileishmanial studies in culture, IC₅₀ values for physalins B, F, and G against L. amazonensis were 6.8, 1.4, and 9.2 μM, respectively. Physalin D was less active with an IC₅₀ of 30.5 μM.

8. Safety Considerations

8.1 Genotoxicity

Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) is a medicinal plant from North of Brazil, whose different extracts and infusions are commonly used in popular medicine. However, the genotoxic effects of P. angulata on human cells are not well known. The main purpose of one study was to evaluate the in vitro genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of P. angulata using the comet assay and the micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes provided from 6 healthy donors.

Treatments with P. angulata extracts were performed in vitro to access the extent of DNA damage. The comet assay showed that treatments with P. angulata at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 6.0 μg/mL in culture medium were genotoxic. Lymphocytes treated with P. angulata at concentrations of 3.0 and 6.0 μg/mL in culture medium showed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei (p<0.05). The present work demonstrated the genotoxic effects of P. angulata extract on human lymphocytes in vitro. This finding is of regulatory and safety significance. It is important to note these are in vitro results; the concentrations used may not reflect realistic in vivo exposures. Nonetheless, these results warrant careful attention when considering use of crude extracts at elevated doses.

8.2 Sub-chronic Toxicity in Animal Studies

In sub-chronic toxicity studies, Physalis angulata leaves ethanolic extract caused no significant change in body weight, food intake, or water intake when compared with the control. In haematological parameters, the plant extract caused a significant increase in the level of red blood cells in a dose-dependent manner and no changes in the level of packed cell volume and white blood cells when compared with the control. The plant extract caused a significant decrease in cholesterol concentration when compared with the control.

8.3 Immunosuppressive Effects and Drug Interaction Potential

Physalins B and F have potent suppressive activity by inhibiting the proliferation of lymphocytes and have also been shown to inhibit both the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of macrophages. Because of these immunosuppressive properties, theoretically verified in both animal models and ex vivo human cell studies, use of concentrated physalin-containing preparations in combination with immunosuppressive drugs or in immunocompromised individuals represents a potential area of concern warranting study. No human pharmacokinetic or drug interaction studies have been published.

8.4 Absence of Clinical Safety Data

No formal Phase I human safety or tolerability trials, no human pharmacokinetic studies, and no large-scale epidemiological data are available for Physalis angulata extracts. All safety data described above derives from animal or in vitro experiments. Pharmacological studies have shown antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, antimalarial, antileishmanial, immunosuppressive, antiasthmatic, diuretic, and antitumor activities, thus validating its traditional uses and demonstrating the great potential of this species for further development. The balance of preliminary evidence supports continued scientific investigation but does not yet support well-characterized safety profiling in humans.

References

• Physalis angulata L. (Bolsa Mullaca): A Review of its Traditional Uses, Chemistry and Pharmacology — ResearchGate / Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013)
• Untargeted Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibition Activity of Physalis angulata L. from the Peruvian Amazon — PMC / Antioxidants (2025)
• Cytotoxic Withanolides from the Whole Herb of Physalis angulata L — PMC / Molecules (2019)
• Physalins V-IX, 16,24-cyclo-13,14-seco withanolides from Physalis angulata and their antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities — PMC / Scientific Reports (2017)
• Withanolides from the active extract of Physalis angulata and their anti-hepatic fibrosis effects — ScienceDirect / Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2024)
• Isolation, structures, and structure-cytotoxic activity relationships of withanolides and physalins from Physalis angulata — PubMed / Journal of Natural Products (2007)
• Physalis angulata extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects in rats by inhibiting different pathways — PubMed / Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2008)
• Physalin F, a seco-steroid from Physalis angulata L., has immunosuppressive activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with HTLV1-associated myelopathy — PubMed / International Immunopharmacology (2016)
• Inhibition of macrophage activation and lipopolysaccharide-induced death by seco-steroids purified from Physalis angulata L — PubMed / European Journal of Pharmacology (2003)
• Fruit of Physalis angulata L. and anti-inflammatory potential: An in silico, in vitro, and in vivo study focusing on PFKFB3 — PubMed (2025)
• Antioxidant, Antiinflammation, and Antifibrotic Activity of Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) Extract — PubMed (2024)
• Physalin F Induces Cell Apoptosis in Human Renal Carcinoma Cells by Targeting NF-kappaB and Generating Reactive Oxygen Species — PMC / PLOS ONE (2012)
• Physalis angulata Linn. as a medicinal plant (Review) — PMC / Biomedical Reports (2024)
• Chemical Composition Analysis, Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Physalis angulata L.: A Comparative Study of Leaves and Fruit — PMC / Plants (2022)
• Genotoxic effect of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) extract on human lymphocytes treated in vitro — PubMed / Food and Chemical Toxicology (2008)
• Toxicity Studies of Physalis angulata Leaves Extract on Biochemical and Haematological Parameters in Albino Rats — Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2023)
• Physalis angulata — Overview, ScienceDirect Topics
• Genus Physalis L.: A review of resources and cultivation, chemical composition, pharmacological effects and applications — ScienceDirect / Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2024)
• Withanolides from Physalis angulata as Potent Antimelanoma Agents: Activation of the p53 Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo — Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2026)
• Withanolides from the genus Physalis: a review on their phytochemical and pharmacological aspects — ResearchGate / Phytochemistry Reviews (2019)
• Ethnobotany of Physalis angulata L. in Madura, East Java, Indonesia — International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (2023)
• Global insights into Physalis research: A bibliometric journey from origin to recent advances — ScienceDirect (2024)
• Activity of physalins purified from Physalis angulata in in vitro and in vivo models of cutaneous leishmaniasis — ResearchGate / Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2009)
• Withanolides from Physalis angulata L. — PMC / Acta Crystallographica Section E (2021)