Indian coraltree

Indian Coraltree (Erythrina variegata L.): A Comprehensive Reference

1. Identity and Botanical Profile

1.1 Accepted Name and Synonyms

The accepted scientific name is Erythrina variegata L., which carries a large number of common names including coraltree, Indian coraltree, tiger's claw, sunshine tree, flame tree, mountain ebony, variegated coral tree, amapola, dabdab, and Easter flower. It is also known under the synonyms E. indica Lam. and E. variegata var. orientalis (L.) Merr. In Sanskrit, the plant is known as Paribhadraka or Pārijāta. The genus name Erythrina is derived from the Greek word erythros, meaning "red," referring to the distinct colour of its flowers.

1.2 Taxonomy and Family

Erythrina variegata belongs to the family Fabaceae and the genus Erythrina. The Erythrina genus comprises approximately 115 species.

1.3 Morphological Description

The coral tree is a showy, spreading, deciduous tree legume that can reach a height of 18–25 metres. The crown may range from 6 to 12 metres in diameter. The trunk is fluted, and the bark is grey or grey-green in colour and furrowed. The coral tree has many stout, prickly branches. Leaves are trifoliate, alternate; the rachis is mostly 10–20 cm long; blades are ovate to rhomboid, 8–18 cm long; lateral leaflets are smaller than the terminal one, with petiolules 6–13 mm long and vegetative parts finely pubescent.

1.4 Native Range and Habitat

The coral tree is indigenous to the Old World tropics, possibly originally from India to Malaysia, but is native from ancient Zanzibar in the west to eastern Polynesia in the east. It is typically found on sandy soil in littoral forest, and sometimes in coastal forest up to 250 metres in elevation. The coral tree is cultivated particularly as an ornamental tree and as a shade and soil improvement tree for other tree crops such as coffee and cacao.

1.5 Common Preparations and Dosage Forms

Across different traditional cultures, bark is the most commonly used plant part (42%), followed by leaves (28%), flowers (16%), other plant parts (10%), and roots (4%). Preparations take several forms:

• Decoction of bark: Decoction of stem bark is reported at a dose of 50–100 ml; fresh juice is used at 10–20 ml.
• Leaf juice: The juice of the leaves can be taken in 5 to 10 ml.
• Powdered bark: Bark powder, at 1–3 grams, is mixed with water or honey and taken once or twice a day, according to traditional Ayurvedic practice.
• Topical poultice: A warm poultice of the leaves is applied externally to relieve rheumatic joints.
• Compound Ayurvedic formulations: Ayurvedic products such as Abhay Lavana (for liver and spleen disorders), Sri Gopal Taila (for neuromuscular pain), and Narayana Taila (for muscular pain) contain the plant.

Bark and leaves are the most commonly used parts, often prepared as decoctions for internal or external application.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

2.1 Ayurveda (India)

The species, native to India and commonly known as the Indian Coral Tree, holds significant importance in traditional Indian medicine. In Ayurvedic texts such as the Sushrut Samhita, it is referred to as "Paribhadraka" and has been utilised for centuries in various herbal remedies. It is popular in indigenous systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homoeopathy. In traditional medicine, the Indian preparation known as Paribhadra makes use of the leaves and bark to destroy pathogenic parasites and relieve joint pains.

2.2 India, China, and Southeast Asia

In India, China, and Southeast Asia, the bark and leaves are used in many traditional medicines, including one said to destroy pathogenic parasites and relieve joint pain. The juice from the leaves is mixed with honey and ingested to treat tapeworm, roundworm, and threadworm in India. Women take this juice to stimulate lactation and menstruation. It is commonly mixed with castor oil to treat dysentery. The bark is used as a laxative, diuretic, and expectorant.

Erythrina variegata is a folk medicine in China and has been mainly used as an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antiseptic agent. In Bangladesh, Erythrina variegata is traditionally used for epilepsy.

2.3 Asia and the Pacific Islands

In Asia and the Pacific Islands, different parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine for a variety of ailments and as nervine sedative, collyrium in ophthalmia, antiasthmatic, antiepileptic, antiseptic, astringent, febrifuge, anti-bilious, diuretic, laxative, expectorant, anthelmintic, and vermifuge.

2.4 Indonesia

In Indonesia, Erythrina plants have been used for medication for many diseases including anthelmintic, anti-cancer, anti-fertility, and anti-malarial purposes.

2.5 Traditional Range of Plant Parts Used

In the traditional system of medicine, various plant parts including bark, root, leaves, and fruits are used in fever, liver ailment, rheumatism, to relieve joint pain, and to kill tapeworm, roundworm, and threadworm.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

3.1 Overview

A wide range of chemical compounds have been isolated from E. variegata, mainly alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and lectin. Many phytoconstituents have been identified, including alkaloid substances, tannins, flavonoids, resins, proteins, saponins, and glycosides. Terpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and phenols are also present as secondary metabolites.

3.2 Alkaloids

(+)-3-Demethoxyerythratidinone, (+)-erythraline, (+)-erythramine, (+)-erythrinine, (+)-erythratidinone, (+)-erysonine, (+)-erysotine, (+)-erysodine, (+)-erysovine, (+)-11-hydroxy-epi-erythratidine, (+)-erythratidine, (+)-epi-erythratidine, (+)-erysodienone, (+)-erysotrine, (+)-erysopitine, and (+)-11-β-hydroxyerysotrine [(+)-erythrartine] are the tetracyclic alkaloids isolated from various parts of the plant; scoulerine, (+)-coreximine, l-reticuline, and erybidine have been isolated from the leaves. Eight spiroamine alkaloids along with three carboxylated indole-3-alkylamines — hypaphorine, its methyl ester, and N,N-dimethyltryptophan — have also been isolated from various parts of the plant.

Alkaloids and flavonoids are reported as the chief bioactive constituents of this genus, with a wide range of biological activities. About 143 alkaloids have been isolated from Erythrina sp. Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, curare-like activity, insecticidal, and cytotoxic activities have been reported for Erythrina sp. alkaloids.

3.3 Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids

Research into Erythrina species reveals flavonoidal content that can serve as lead compounds in managing various diseases, including oxidative stress, inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. More than 370 flavonoid compounds have been isolated from the genus Erythrina, including flavones, flavonols, flavanones, chalcones, isoflavans, isoflav-3-enes, neoflav-3-ene, isoflavanones, isoflavones, pterocarpans, coumestans, arylcoumarins, coumaronochromones, arylbenzofurans, and biflavonoids.

Bioassay-directed fractionation of the stem bark extract of E. variegata has resulted in the isolation of three new isoflavones: 5,4′-dihydroxy-8-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-2″-methoxyisopropylfurano[4,5:6,7]isoflavone (1), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-6-(3,3-dimethylallyloxiranylmethyl)isoflavone (2), and additional congeners.

3.4 Other Constituents

β-sitosterol has also been identified among the constituents of E. variegata seeds. Three isoflavonoid compounds — eryvarin M (1), eryvarin H (2), and neobavaisoflavone (3) — have been isolated from E. variegata and have displayed significant inhibitory effects on both protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and α-glucosidase enzymes.

4. Established and Proposed Mechanisms of Action

4.1 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonism

Erythrina alkaloids are antagonists to nicotinic cholinergic receptors, causing paralysis by blocking nerve transmission to muscles. Erythrinine is a central nervous system depressant, with toxic manifestations including dizziness, limb weakness, paralysis, drowsiness, hypotension, and respiratory depression. The genus is a rich source of tetracyclic alkaloids, including erythraline and erythravine, which are known to have effects on the central nervous system. These compounds can act as antagonists of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, contributing to reported anxiolytic and sedative effects.

Screening experiments have investigated whether these alkaloids could affect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and whether they are selective for different central nervous system subtypes, using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in three different cell models: PC12 cells natively expressing α3* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; cultured hippocampal neurons natively expressing α7* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; and HEK 293 cells heterologously expressing α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. For all three receptors, the percent inhibition of acetylcholine-activated currents by (+)-11α-hydroxyerysotrine was the lowest, whereas (+)-erythravine and (+)-11α-hydroxyerythravine inhibited the currents to a greater extent. Concentration-response curves for the α7* and α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors gave IC₅₀ values of 6 µM and 5 µM for the α7* receptors, and 13 nM and 4 nM for the α4β2 receptors, respectively.

4.2 COX-2 Inhibition and Nitric Oxide Suppression

The ethanolic extract of E. variegata showed potent anti-inflammation properties by inhibiting prostaglandin production through the enzyme COX-2 and inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cell lines. The Griess reagent assay was used to measure inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production activated by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 cell lines, and COX-2 and TNF-α were tested by ELISA techniques. The IC₅₀ value for nitric oxide inhibition was 9.27 ± 0.72 µg/ml and for the COX-2 assay was 47.1 ± 0.21 µg/ml.

4.3 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition

A preclinical study focused on the antidepressant activity of E. variegata bark ethanolic extract (EBE) and determination of its mechanism of action through regulation of monoamine oxidase activity in mouse brain homogenates. The bark extract was characterised using LC-MS and GC-MS analysis. Antidepressant activity of EBE at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg was evaluated in Swiss white albino mice using acute and chronic forced swim test (FST) models. The potential use of the extract as an adjunct to the SSRI escitalopram was also evaluated using the chronic unpredictable mild stress test model, wherein inhibitory effects on monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B were assessed by spectrophotometric-chemical analysis in mouse whole brain homogenates.

4.4 CNS Neurotransmitter Modulation

The mechanism of action of E. variegata extract for anxiolytic and antidepressant effects was further elucidated using HPLC with fluorescence detection methods to assay the levels of five neurotransmitters in brain tissue. The extract significantly altered the levels of five neurotransmitters in brain tissue.

4.5 Phospholipase A2 Inhibition

Three flavonoid phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors were isolated from a methanol extract of the bark of the Samoan medicinal plant Erythrina variegata. Two of these compounds — 4′-hydroxy-3′,5′-diprenylisoflavonone (abyssinone V) and 3,9-dihydroxy-2,10-diprenylpterocarpan (erycrystagallin) — had been previously reported as antimicrobial agents. The isoflavonone 4′-hydroxy-6,3′,5′-triprenylisoflavonone is a new compound. The IC₅₀ values for the PLA2 enzyme were 6, 10, and 3 µM for the three compounds, respectively.

4.6 Enzyme Inhibition Relevant to Metabolic Disorders

Three isoflavonoid compounds isolated from E. variegata displayed significant inhibitory effects on both protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α-glucosidase enzymes. The specific attachment position of the prenyl group to the isoflavonoid skeleton plays a pivotal role in determining the variation in their activity.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

5.1 Inflammation and Pain

Preclinical (in vitro/in vivo): The alkaloids extracted from the leaves of E. variegata are reported to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. A study published in the Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand (2016) specifically investigated anti-inflammatory activities of Erythrina variegata bark ethanolic extract, reporting in-vitro results. As described above, the ethanolic bark extract inhibited both COX-2 and nitric oxide production, with measured IC₅₀ values.

Analgesic activity of an ethanolic extract of Erythrina variegata L. was evaluated by various methods, followed by molecular docking analysis. Traditional healers have also used preparations from these plants to alleviate joint pain, rheumatism, and other inflammatory disorders.

Evidence strength: All evidence to date is preclinical — in vitro cell-line studies and animal models. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal promising results, particularly for antibacterial and anticancer activities, but the toxicity and clinical studies of Erythrina genus plants are limitedly reported. No controlled human clinical trials on anti-inflammatory or analgesic outcomes have been identified in the literature.

5.2 Central Nervous System: Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, and Anticonvulsant Effects

Preclinical: References demonstrate that Erythrina spp. have potential to act in the central nervous system, presenting anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties. Phytochemical investigations confirmed the presence of tetracyclic alkaloids as the major compounds.

The total alkaloid fraction of E. variegata bark exhibited potent effects on the nervous system including neuromuscular blocking, smooth muscle relaxant, CNS depressant, and anticonvulsant activities.

A 2019 animal study (Martins & Brijesh, Journal of Ethnopharmacology) showed that bark ethanolic extract (EBE) produced a significant reduction in immobility time periods in both tail suspension test (TST) models (acute: 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg; chronic: 100 and 200 mg/kg) and FST models (acute: 200 mg/kg; chronic: 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg).

A separate 2019 study (Chu et al., African Health Sciences) examined anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of a hydroalcoholic extract: the extract was evaluated for anxiolytic and antidepressant action using the elevated plus maze, light/dark box, open field, forced swimming, and tail suspension tests in mice. The extract exhibited a significant increase in the percentage of open arm entries and the time spent in the open arms in the elevated plus maze test. The results of the light/dark box test revealed a significant increase in the amount of time spent in the light chamber. Extract-treated mice also produced a significant increase in the number of crossings and rearings in the open field test. The extract also significantly altered the levels of five neurotransmitters in the brain tissue.

Evidence strength: Evidence is entirely preclinical (mouse models). The behavioral pharmacology studies are well-designed, but no human clinical trials have been reported. The findings are preliminary and cannot be extrapolated directly to human populations.

5.3 Antimicrobial and Anthelmintic Activity

In vitro: Isoflavonoids isolated from E. variegata have demonstrated antibacterial and anthelmintic activity. Isoflavonoids isolated from E. variegata have been screened for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and various other strains.

A study reported that isoflavonoids isolated from Erythrina variegata showed antibacterial activity against cariogenic oral bacteria, published in Phytomedicine.

Evidence strength: Evidence is in vitro only. While antibacterial activity against MRSA and oral bacteria has been demonstrated in laboratory settings, no clinical trials have examined efficacy in humans. Traditional anthelmintic use (against tapeworm, roundworm, threadworm) is extensive but lacks clinical verification.

5.4 Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity

Preclinical (animal): A study published in PubMed (2011) reported that, in India, leaves are traditionally used for diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia was induced in Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight). Three days after induction, hyperglycemic rats were treated with methanol extract of E. variegata leaf (MEEV) orally at doses of 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg body weight daily for 21 days. The study concluded that E. variegata leaf demonstrated promising hypoglycemic action in STZ-induced diabetic rats, substantiating its ethnomedicinal use.

A separate study on seed extract in hyperlipidemic rats investigated the effect of the methanolic extract of E. variegata var. Orientalis seeds (MEEV) in reducing cholesterol levels in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats. Doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg were evaluated for effects on lipid profile, HMG-CoA reductase, and antioxidant enzymes in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemia. The elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL due to HFD were reduced significantly (P<0.001) by concurrent treatment with MEEV.

Evidence strength: Evidence is limited to rodent models. The doses used in animal studies (300–900 mg/kg in rats) are not directly transferable to human dosage. No human clinical trials exist.

5.5 Anticancer Activity

In vitro: The essential oils contained in the leaves of E. variegata Linn. blocked the proliferation of breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) cells and non-cancerous mammary epithelial cells (HMLE). To prove the effectiveness of the leaves and stem bark of E. variegata as an anticancer agent, assays focused on in vitro testing against breast cancer cell T47D. The methanol extract of leaves and stem bark showed significant anticancer activity against breast cancer cell T47D in vitro using the Sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay.

The anticancer activity of Erythrina genus plants has been validated and reported in 7 articles against different cancer cell lines.

Evidence strength: All anticancer findings are in vitro. No animal studies or human trials specifically on E. variegata for cancer have been identified. These findings are exploratory and hypothesis-generating only.

5.6 Antipyretic Activity

The bark and leaves of E. variegata are largely used in traditional medicine in India, China, and Southeast Asia as a febrifuge, anti-bilious, anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, and anti-epileptic. The bark of E. variegata is used in Thai traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases in Thailand and is an ingredient in the Mahanintangthong remedy (antipyretic) and Lomammapruek remedy (analgesic and anti-inflammatory). No dedicated clinical studies on the antipyretic effect in humans have been identified.

6. Body Systems and Health Areas

• Central and peripheral nervous system: E. variegata shows several characteristic pharmacological effects including neuromuscular blocking, smooth muscle relaxant, CNS depressant, and hydrocholeretic effects, consistent with reported uses of plant extracts in the indigenous system of medicine.
• Musculoskeletal and inflammatory system: Traditional use for joint pain and rheumatism; preclinical evidence for COX-2 and nitric oxide inhibition.
• Gastrointestinal system: The bark is used as a laxative, diuretic, and expectorant; leaf juice mixed with castor oil is used to treat dysentery.
• Reproductive system: Women take leaf juice to stimulate lactation and menstruation.
• Metabolic and endocrine system: Preclinical evidence for hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in rodent models.
• Antimicrobial: In vitro evidence against MRSA and oral bacteria; traditional use against parasitic worms.
• Hepatic system: Erythrina plants have been explored for antihepatotoxicity by reducing levels of transaminases, ALP, bilirubin, and LDH to normal.
• Respiratory system: Traditional use as an antiasthmatic and expectorant across Asian and Pacific traditions.

7. Dosages Reported in Studies

The following dosages are stated specifically in the cited scientific or traditional sources and are reported descriptively — they do not constitute dosing guidance:

• Antidepressant study (mice, oral): EBE at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg was evaluated in Swiss white albino mice using acute and chronic forced swim test models.
• Hypoglycemic study (rats, oral): MEEV was administered orally at doses of 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg body weight daily for 21 days.
• Antihyperlipidemic study (rats, oral): Doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg were evaluated for effects on lipid profile, HMG-CoA reductase, and antioxidant enzymes in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia.
• Anxiolytic/anticonvulsant study (animal model): Results suggested that an alcoholic leaf extract of E. variegata (ALEEV) at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg exhibited both anxiolytic and anticonvulsant activities, with the effect being significant at the high dose of 800 mg/kg.
• Traditional Ayurvedic bark decoction: Decoction 50–100 ml; fresh juice 10–20 ml, as reported in Ayurvedic texts.
• Traditional Ayurvedic leaf juice: The juice of the leaves can be taken in 5–10 ml.

8. Safety Considerations and Toxicological Profile

8.1 Toxicity of Alkaloids

Erythrina alkaloids are antagonists to nicotinic cholinergic receptors, causing paralysis by blocking nerve transmission to muscles. Erythrinine is a central nervous system depressant. Documented toxic effects include dizziness, limb weakness, paralysis, drowsiness, hypotension, and respiratory depression. This information is documented by the Hong Kong Hospital Authority's toxicological database.

The seeds contain the alkaloids hypaphorine, erysodine, and erysopine; the leaves and bark contain the poison erythrinine, which acts upon the nervous system.

8.2 Seed Toxicity

Toxic alkaloids and a cyanogenic glycoside and saponin are present; all parts of the tree are considered poisonous. Raw seeds are poisonous but can be eaten after boiling and roasting. Some parts of Erythrina, particularly the seeds, can be toxic due to their alkaloid content. While traditional uses exist, the lack of extensive human clinical trial data means that safety — especially regarding dosage and long-term effects — has not been fully established.

8.3 CNS and Neuromuscular Effects

The total alkaloid fraction of E. variegata bark exhibited potent effects on the nervous system including neuromuscular blocking, smooth muscle relaxant, CNS depressant, and anticonvulsant activities. These effects are dose-dependent and underlie both the therapeutic interest and the toxicological concern for this species. The same mechanisms that may confer anxiolytic or sedative utility at lower doses present significant risk at higher doses.

8.4 Potential Drug Interactions and Special Caution

The toxicity and clinical studies of Erythrina genus plants are limitedly reported. Considering that extensive caution should be taken when prescribing botanical drugs for patients simultaneously taking a narrow therapeutic window drug, it has been confirmed that no formal drug interactions of the Erythrina genus were recorded in the reviewed literature, indicating the safety of studied preparations in that context. However, based on known pharmacological mechanisms, caution is warranted with:

• CNS depressants and sedatives: Due to documented CNS-depressant and neuromuscular-blocking alkaloid content.
• Antidiabetic drugs: Caution is advised in diabetic patients, as the plant may lower blood sugar levels, potentially resulting in additive hypoglycemia.
• Pregnancy and lactation: The plant should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation, as it may have uterine-stimulating effects.
• Louisiana State Law: Growing, selling, or possessing Erythrina spp., except for ornamental purposes, is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159 (where the genus is misspelled Erythina); the Act covers various known, suspected, or rumored hallucinogenic plants.

8.5 Overall Evidentiary Status for Safety

There are no published controlled human safety or toxicology studies specific to E. variegata preparations as a dietary supplement. The existing safety signals are derived entirely from preclinical pharmacology, the known biochemistry of its alkaloids, and adverse event reports associated with the broader Erythrina genus. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal promising results, but the toxicity and clinical studies of Erythrina genus plants are limitedly reported.

References

• Erythrina variegata Linn: A review on morphology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects — PMC / NCBI
• A comprehensive review on Erythrina indica — exploring traditional uses, taxonomy, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology — ScienceDirect (2025)
• Anti-inflammatory Activities of Erythrina variegata Bark Ethanolic Extract — PubMed (J Med Assoc Thai, 2016)
• Anti-depressant activity of Erythrina variegata bark extract and regulation of monoamine oxidase activities in mice — PubMed (J Ethnopharmacol, 2019)
• Anxiolytic and anti-depressant effects of hydroalcoholic extract from Erythrina variegata and its possible mechanism of action — PMC (African Health Sciences, 2019)
• Hypoglycemic activity of Erythrina variegata leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats — PubMed (2011)
• Effect of Erythrina variegata seed extract on hyperlipidemia elicited by high-fat diet in Wistar rats — PubMed (2010)
• Molecular docking and analgesic studies of Erythrina variegata's derived phytochemicals with COX enzymes — PubMed (Bioinformation, 2014)
• Four new isoflavonoids from the stem bark of Erythrina variegata — PubMed (Chem Pharm Bull, 2006)
• Pharmacology activity, toxicity, and clinical trials of Erythrina genus plants (Fabaceae): an evidence-based review — PMC (Front Pharmacol, 2023)
• Erythrina mulungu Alkaloids Are Potent Inhibitors of Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor Currents in Mammalian Cells — PMC (PLoS ONE, 2013)
• Review on antibacterial flavonoids from genus Erythrina: Structure-activity relationship and mode of action — PMC (2025)
• The genus Erythrina L.: A review on its alkaloids, preclinical, and clinical studies — Phytotherapy Research (2019)
• Alkaloids in Erythrina by UPLC-ESI-MS and In Vivo Hypotensive Potential of Extractive Preparations — PMC
• Erythrina variegata — Hong Kong Hospital Authority Toxicology Database
• Coral tree (Erythrina variegata) — Feedipedia (Animal Feed Resources Information System)
• Traditional Uses, Medicinal and Phytopharmacological Properties of Erythrina Indica Lam: An Overview — Academia.edu
• Paribhadra — Erythrina indica Uses, Research, Side Effects — Easy Ayurveda
• Artificial Erythrina Alkaloids from Three Erythrina Plants, E. variegata, E. crista-galli and E. arborescens — PMC