Deoxyandrographolides

Other Names

14-DAG14-Deoxyandrographolide14-Desoxandrographolide14-Desoxiandrografólido3,14-DideoxyandrographolideAndrograpaninDeoxyandrographolide

Synopsis

14-Deoxyandrographolide (Deoxyandrographolide)

1. Identity: Chemical and Botanical Profile

1.1 Nomenclature

14-Deoxyandrographolide (abbreviated in the literature as 14-DAG, DAND, or 14-DA) is the systematic name most widely used in peer-reviewed research. It is also referred to by the synonyms deoxyandrographolide and, in older Chinese-medicine–derived literature, as a 14-deoxy analogue of the principal diterpene of Andrographis paniculata. Its molecular formula is C₂₀H₃₀O₄ with a molecular weight of 334.456 g/mol, and it carries the CAS Registry Number 79233-15-1.

1.2 Chemical Class and Structure

14-Deoxyandrographolide belongs to the diterpenoid class of natural products. More specifically, the core framework of the andrographolide family is a rigid, lipophilic C20-labdane-γ-lactone scaffold, in which a decahydronaphthalene ring system is fused to a γ-butyrolactone moiety through a C-8/C-17 conjugated double bond. These compounds share structural similarities with andrographolide but exhibit differences at certain positions that may influence their biological activities. The key structural distinction is well established: 14-deoxyandrographolide lacks the hydroxyl group at the C-14 position that is present in its parent compound andrographolide. In comparison to andrographolide, deoxyandrographolide lacks the oxygen moiety at position 14 in the structure, which increases the overall lipophilicity of the molecule.

1.3 Botanical Source

14-Deoxyandrographolide is isolated primarily from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, a member of the family Acanthaceae. This medicinal plant is used in many countries. Andrographis paniculata belongs to the Acanthaceae family and is native to South Asian countries such as India and Sri Lanka, and is found in countries including China, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. The plant is commonly known as the "King of Bitters" on account of the pronounced bitterness of its aerial parts. In addition to "King of Bitters," it is known as "Kalmegh" in Hindi, "Nilavembu" in Tamil, and "Chuan Xin Lian" in Traditional Chinese Medicine.

The three main diterpenoid lactones identified in A. paniculata leaves are andrographolide, neoandrographolide, and deoxyandrographolide. 14-Deoxyandrographolide is described as the second major diterpene lactone of A. paniculata. The compound is found predominantly in the leaves and aerial parts of the plant. A typical standardized extract contains approximately 20–40% w/w of andrographolide, about 3–6% w/w of 14-deoxyandrographolide, and about 0.2–0.8% w/w of neoandrographolide in the dried extract. Accordingly, 14-deoxyandrographolide is the second most abundant diterpenoid lactone of this species by mass, though it is present at considerably lower concentrations than andrographolide itself.

1.4 Common Forms and Preparations

In laboratory research, 14-deoxyandrographolide is supplied as a crystalline solid of 95–99% purity, characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD or HPLC-ELSD), and its identity confirmed by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. In commercial dietary supplement and herbal medicine preparations, the compound is encountered not as an isolated pure substance but as a constituent of standardized A. paniculata extracts. The aqueous ethanol extract known as HMPL-004, developed for use in inflammatory bowel disease, contains andrographolide, neoandrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide, and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide as its representative chemical components. Historically and in contemporary herbal practice, the plant material is prepared as decoctions, teas, tablets, capsules, and standardized extracts. Extensive use of A. paniculata in traditional medicine has been complemented by in vitro, in vivo (animal), and clinical (human) studies confirming various pharmacological activities of its extracts and products.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

2.1 Ayurvedic Tradition (Indian Subcontinent)

Andrographis paniculata can be traced back to ancient traditional medicine systems in Asia, including Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine. In Ayurveda, the ancient healing system of India, andrographis was used as a bitter tonic, a remedy against intestinal parasites, and a general stomach remedy. The plant is known in Ayurvedic texts as Kalamegha (meaning "dark cloud" or "black cloud"), and also as bhunimba, meaning "neem of the earth," referencing its intensely bitter taste. Andrographis paniculata has been used for ages in Ayurvedic therapeutic methods to treat a number of diseases, and its bitter flavor is said to accelerate digestion, improving overall digestive health. In Ayurveda, it was used to balance the body's doshas and to support liver health. The bitter taste of the herb indicates its choleretic action, and as such it was traditionally applied for liver problems in both Ayurvedic and TCM contexts. Ethnobotanically it is used for treating snake bites, scabies, bug bites, skin eruptions, gonorrhoea, bronchitis, malaria, jaundice, diabetes, leprosy, dysentery, fever, cardiac diseases, and hepatic diseases.

2.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

In Traditional Chinese Medicine, Andrographis paniculata is known as "Chuan Xin Lian." In TCM, Chuan Xin Lian translates loosely to "thread-the-heart lotus," reflecting the herb's perceived ability to "penetrate" deep into the body to clear heat and resolve toxicity. TCM classifies it as having a bitter taste and cold nature, with affinity for the lung, stomach, large intestine, and bladder meridians. TCM practitioners often combined Andrographis with herbs like honeysuckle, forsythia, and isatis root to create powerful heat-clearing formulas. It is frequently used in TCM to eliminate heat and toxins from the body, making it a popular choice for managing respiratory and immune system disorders.

2.3 Southeast Asian and Other Traditions

Andrographis paniculata has been traditionally used to treat various ailments including fever, cough, infections, and inflammation across Asia. Throughout Southeast Asia, indigenous communities developed their own applications based on local health challenges, including use as both prevention and treatment for malaria in endemic regions, and for stomach pain, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. The plant and its constituents, including 14-deoxyandrographolide, were encountered in these traditions in the form of decoctions and water-based preparations of the whole plant or dried aerial parts.

It is important to note that traditional use was directed at the whole plant or crude extracts, in which 14-deoxyandrographolide co-occurs with andrographolide, neoandrographolide, flavonoids, and polyphenols. No traditional medicinal system isolated or specifically directed treatment toward 14-deoxyandrographolide as a single compound; attribution of specific traditional uses to this compound individually is therefore a retrospective scientific inference.

3. Phytochemical Context: Key Constituents of Andrographis paniculata

The major constituents of A. paniculata are diterpenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols. Among the single compounds extracted from A. paniculata, andrographolide is the major one in terms of bioactive properties and abundance.

In phytochemical studies, Andrographis paniculata (whole plant, leaf, and stem) contains diterpene lactones consisting of andrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide, neoandrographolide, andrograpin, 14-acetylandrographolide, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide, and homoandrographolide. Other relevant minor diterpenoids include isoandrographolide and andrograpanin. Among the less abundant compounds, andrograpanin is both anti-inflammatory and anti-infective; 14-deoxy-14,15-dehydroandrographolide is anti-inflammatory; and several others are described as tumor suppressive or anti-hepatotoxic.

Within this chemical landscape, 14-deoxyandrographolide is specifically described as immunomodulatory and anti-atherosclerotic. Andrographolide, a major ent-labdane diterpenoid of A. paniculata, is the largest contributor of many pharmacological activities; other ent-labdane diterpenoids such as neoandrographolide and 14-deoxyandrographolide, as well as flavonoids, quinic acids, and xanthones, are also reported for their significant contributions.

4. Mechanisms of Action

4.1 Structural Basis for Bioactivity

The core labdane-γ-lactone scaffold of the andrographolide family, with its decahydronaphthalene ring system fused to a γ-butyrolactone, influences molecular conformation and membrane permeability and provides a stable stereochemical platform for downstream derivatization. The absence of the hydroxyl group at C-14 in 14-deoxyandrographolide increases the molecule's lipophilicity relative to andrographolide, potentially influencing its membrane permeability, tissue distribution, and receptor interactions. These compounds vary widely in their pharmacological activities, which might be related to the differences in their structures.

4.2 Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms

Much of the mechanistic work on the andrographolide family focuses on NF-κB signaling. Andrographolide is a multitarget anti-inflammatory drug that interferes with signaling pathways including NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and JAK/STAT pathways. For 14-deoxyandrographolide specifically, preclinical evidence indicates shared but not identical mechanisms: the anti-inflammatory activity of isoandrographolide and 14-deoxyandrographolide was found to be stronger than that of andrographolide in an egg white-induced foot-plantar edema model in rats. Studies examining 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (a structurally related analogue) demonstrated that this compound blocked NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity in OVA-challenged lung and in TNF-α-stimulated human lung epithelial cells, with findings indicating anti-inflammatory activity probably through inhibition of NF-κB.

Regarding cytokine modulation: 14-deoxyandrographolide has been reported to achieve downregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced inflammation. Bioactive diterpenoid lactones of A. paniculata, including 14-deoxyandrographolide, have been identified and studied for their anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties, notably through modulation of inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB, COX-2, and inducible NOS.

4.3 Hepatoprotective Mechanisms

One of the most extensively characterized mechanisms specific to 14-deoxyandrographolide concerns liver protection against TNF-α–mediated injury. Andrographis paniculata has been found to display hepatoprotective effect, and the hepatoprotective efficacy of 14-deoxyandrographolide (14-DAG) specifically involves its role in desensitization of hepatocytes to tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced signalling of apoptosis. NF-κβ induction was confirmed by translocation of its heterodimer into the nucleus of hepatocytes in TNF-α-exposed rats; post-treatment with 14-DAG decreased NF-κβ (p65) translocation into the nucleus, showing that 14-DAG can significantly thwart the cell signalling of TNF-α. These effects involve a calcium-dependent mechanism linked to the NO/cGMP pathway, whereby 14-DAG promotes calcium-ATPase activity and facilitates release of the TNF receptor TNFRSF1A from the hepatocyte surface.

4.4 Vasorelaxant Mechanisms

Activation of NOS signaling and vasorelaxation has been attributed to 14-deoxyandrographolide in experimental studies (Zhang and Tan, 1998). A study published in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology by Zhang and Tan (1998) specifically examined vasorelaxation of rat thoracic aorta caused by 14-deoxyandrographolide, identifying nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway activation as a key mechanism. This is an in vitro/preclinical finding with no established clinical corollary.

4.5 Antidiabetic / Glucose-Uptake Mechanisms

Isolation of pure 14-deoxyandrographolide from A. paniculata fractions demonstrated that, at a concentration of 1 μM, the compound is as effective as 10 mM metformin in glucose uptake in vitro. The compound also reduces lipid accumulations in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by decreasing the size and number of lipid droplets. A related study (cited in the literature as Eur J Pharmacol, 2015) demonstrated that deoxyandrographolide promotes glucose uptake through GLUT4 (glucose transporter-4) translocation to the plasma membrane in L6 myotubes, with antihyperglycemic effect confirmed in vivo; this aligns with mechanistic data showing that the PKC pathway is involved in andrographolide-family–mediated GLUT4 regulation.

4.6 Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) Antagonism

14-Deoxyandrographolide has been studied as a platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist in bovine neutrophils, as published in Planta Medica (2005). PAF antagonism may underpin several observed effects, including antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular modulating properties. This mechanism has been studied primarily in animal cell models and has not been confirmed in human clinical trials.

4.7 Antiviral Activity

The anti-herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) activity of andrographolide and its derivatives, including neoandrographolide and 14-deoxyandrographolide (DAD), was revealed in in vitro studies, suggesting that these compounds possess inhibitory effects on viral entry and replication. The antiviral mechanisms proposed for the broader andrographolide family—including inhibition of viral protease activity and interference with viral binding to host-cell receptors—have not yet been specifically mapped at a molecular level for 14-deoxyandrographolide alone.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

Important framing: The vast majority of evidence for 14-deoxyandrographolide specifically is preclinical (in vitro cell-based assays and animal models). Human clinical trials have been conducted with whole A. paniculata extracts or with andrographolide as the lead compound, not with isolated 14-deoxyandrographolide. All claims of clinical benefit for 14-deoxyandrographolide individually are therefore extrapolations from preclinical data, or inferences from studies on the parent plant or its principal compound. Evidence strength is characterized accordingly.

5.1 Anti-inflammatory Activity

Preclinical evidence (animal models): The anti-inflammatory activity of isoandrographolide and 14-deoxyandrographolide was found to be stronger than that of andrographolide in an egg white-induced foot-plantar edema model in rats. This is a classic acute inflammation model and represents low-to-moderate quality preclinical evidence. Andrographolide and its derivatives are mainly used clinically for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, such as respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, and pneumonia, with demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral effects; however, clinical use is based on whole-plant extracts, not the isolated deoxy derivative.

Evidence strength: In vitro and animal data support anti-inflammatory activity of 14-deoxyandrographolide. No published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) specifically investigating 14-deoxyandrographolide as an isolated compound in humans were identified in the literature. Evidence is preliminary and preclinical.

5.2 Hepatoprotection

Preclinical (in vitro and in vivo): Andrographis paniculata has been found to display a hepatoprotective effect; the hepatoprotective efficacy of 14-deoxyandrographolide was specifically evaluated for its role in desensitization of hepatocytes to TNF-α-induced signalling of apoptosis, studied in vitro in primary hepatocyte cultures using co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and FACS analysis. In vivo experiments in rats further corroborated these findings. Results revealed that post-treatment with 14-DAG 20 minutes after the TNF-α stimulus decreased NF-κβ (p65) translocation into the nucleus, showing that 14-DAG can significantly thwart cell signalling of TNF-α.

Evidence strength: Mechanistically interesting preclinical data. No clinical trials with isolated 14-deoxyandrographolide for liver conditions have been identified. Broader clinical work on whole-plant extracts of A. paniculata in liver disease exists but cannot be attributed specifically to this compound.

5.3 Cardiovascular Effects and Atherosclerosis

14-Deoxyandrographolide is described in the scientific literature as immunomodulatory and anti-atherosclerotic. The cardiovascular evidence base includes:

Vasorelaxation: Vasorelaxation of rat thoracic aorta caused by 14-deoxyandrographolide was documented in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology (1998). The mechanism was linked to NOS-pathway activation.
Antiplatelet and PAF antagonism: 14-Deoxyandrographolide has been studied as a platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist in bovine neutrophils, as published in Planta Medica (2005).
Anti-atherosclerotic: Attribution of anti-atherosclerotic properties to 14-deoxyandrographolide is largely inferred from its broader pharmacological profile (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipid-modulating). The most detailed anti-atherosclerotic mechanistic work involves andrographolide itself, not 14-deoxyandrographolide in isolation.

Evidence strength: Preclinical only. No human cardiovascular trials with isolated 14-deoxyandrographolide have been identified.

5.4 Antidiabetic / Glycemic Regulation

In vitro evidence: Pure 14-deoxyandrographolide isolated from A. paniculata fractions showed that, at 1 μM, the compound is as effective as 10 mM metformin in glucose uptake, and also reduces lipid accumulations in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by decreasing the size and number of lipid droplets. A study in European Journal of Pharmacology (2015) demonstrated that deoxyandrographolide promotes glucose uptake through GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in L6 myotubes and exerts antihyperglycemic effects in vivo in animal models.

Evidence strength: Preliminary in vitro and rodent data. No human clinical trials with 14-deoxyandrographolide for diabetes management have been identified. While whole-plant extracts of A. paniculata have been investigated for glycemic effects in humans, the specific contribution of 14-deoxyandrographolide to these outcomes is unquantified.

5.5 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity

Researchers isolated and characterized 14-deoxyandrographolide and its glycoside 3-O-β-D-glucosyl-14-deoxyandrographolide from the whole plant of A. paniculata, attributing observed antibacterial efficacy of methanol extracts partly to these compounds. The anti-HSV-1 activity of the andrographolide family, including 14-deoxyandrographolide, was demonstrated in in vitro studies suggesting inhibitory effects on viral entry and replication.

Evidence strength: In vitro antimicrobial and antiviral data exist. No specific human clinical trials with isolated 14-deoxyandrographolide for infectious disease have been identified. The clinical evidence for A. paniculata extracts in upper respiratory tract infections (reviewed below) involves whole extracts.

5.6 Context: Clinical Evidence for A. paniculata Extracts (Containing 14-Deoxyandrographolide)

Because 14-deoxyandrographolide exists in vivo as part of a multi-compound extract, clinical outcomes observed with standardized A. paniculata preparations are relevant contextual evidence, though not attributable to 14-deoxyandrographolide alone.

Existing publications regarding randomized controlled trials demonstrated that the use of A. paniculata alone or in combination was superior to placebo in reducing the severity of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) manifestations, especially as part of early treatment, without serious side effects.

Andrographis paniculata, with known anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, has been explored as adjunctive therapy for COVID-19, but its clinical evidence remains inconclusive.

Herbal preparations of AP have been used in many countries to treat respiratory tract infections, colitis, early stages of COVID-19, and to relieve symptoms of arthritis. The clinical benefit of these preparations is attributed to the combined diterpenoid and flavonoid profile rather than to any one compound in isolation.

6. Body Systems and Health Areas of Association

Based on reviewed preclinical and contextual clinical literature, 14-deoxyandrographolide has been studied in or associated with the following body systems:

Immune system: 14-Deoxyandrographolide is described as immunomodulatory. Specific mechanisms include PAF antagonism in neutrophils and modulation of TNF-α signaling.
Hepatic (liver) system: Hepatoprotective activity mediated through TNF-α–induced apoptosis suppression, NF-κB inhibition, and NO/cGMP-pathway activation in hepatocytes.
Cardiovascular system: Vasorelaxation via NOS activation, antiplatelet/PAF antagonist activity, and anti-atherosclerotic properties in preclinical models.
Metabolic (glycemic regulation): GLUT4 translocation-mediated glucose uptake enhancement and antihyperglycemic effects in animal models.
Respiratory system: Anti-inflammatory activity relevant to airway conditions, consistent with the broader A. paniculata evidence base for upper respiratory tract infections.
Gastrointestinal system: Traditional antidiarrheal use aligned with the plant's known antisecretory and antimicrobial properties; A. paniculata is extensively cultivated due to its high medicinal value, which includes antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.
Anti-infective (microbial and viral): Inhibitory effects on bacterial growth and viral replication (particularly HSV-1) observed in vitro.

Analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifertility, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antipyretic, antiviral, antiretroviral, antivenom, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities have been reported for A. paniculata preparations, though the specific contributions of 14-deoxyandrographolide to each of these remain partially characterized.

7. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages

No established human clinical dosage has been defined for 14-deoxyandrographolide as an isolated compound. Dosage information from the scientific literature is limited to in vitro concentrations, animal-model doses, and the content of 14-deoxyandrographolide within standardized whole-plant extracts:

In vitro (cell studies): At a concentration of 1 μM, 14-deoxyandrographolide was as effective as 10 mM metformin in glucose uptake studies in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
In vivo (animal, antihyperglycemic): The European Journal of Pharmacology (2015) study by Luo et al. demonstrated antihyperglycemic effects in vivo in animal models; specific dosages cited in that study were not reproduced in accessible review texts.
Content in standardized extracts: A typical standardized A. paniculata extract contains approximately 3–6% w/w of 14-deoxyandrographolide, with a preferred range of about 4.5–5.5% w/w in the final plant extract.
HMPL-004 extract (clinical use context): Hutchison Medipharma developed HMPL-004, an aqueous ethanol extract of A. paniculata, to treat inflammatory bowel diseases; 14-deoxyandrographolide is a quantified component of this extract and its plasma pharmacokinetics have been characterized in rat models via LC-MS/MS.
Phytochemical preparations: The compound is encountered in concentrated forms in tablets, capsules, and liquid extracts of A. paniculata, where its content is determined by the standardization of the parent extract rather than by targeting the deoxy compound specifically.

Because no isolated-compound human trials have been conducted, it is not possible to state a human-validated effective dose for 14-deoxyandrographolide from available sources.

8. Safety Considerations and Interactions

8.1 Safety Profile of Herbal A. paniculata Preparations

A systematic review and meta-analysis (Shang et al., 2022, Frontiers in Pharmacology) aimed to systematically evaluate the safety of andrographolide derivative medications and herbal preparations of A. paniculata based on clinical studies, searching English and Chinese databases for all types of clinical studies that reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and adverse events (AEs). A total of 262 studies were included, comprising 125 randomized controlled trials, 23 non-randomized controlled trials, 6 case series, and 108 case reports. The review found that herbal preparations of A. paniculata demonstrated a generally favorable safety profile, while injectable andrographolide derivative medications were associated with more frequent and sometimes serious ADRs. This distinction is relevant because most safety data in humans concerns whole-plant extracts; isolated 14-deoxyandrographolide has not been independently evaluated in human safety trials.

8.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions

Out of 106 case reports reviewed in a Thai pharmacovigilance study, 13 described hypersensitivity reactions that met WHO criteria for critical terms; adverse events included anaphylactic shock (5 cases), anaphylactic reaction (4 cases), and angioedema (5 cases). The average age of affected patients was 38.9 years, and most (76.9%) were female. A. paniculata extract showed no anaphylactic or anaphylactoid potential in in vivo and in vitro studies, though individual case reports of serious allergic reactions with commercial products have been documented in pharmacovigilance databases.

8.3 Gastrointestinal Effects

Gastrointestinal adverse effects (nausea, loose stools, abdominal discomfort) are among the most commonly reported adverse events with A. paniculata preparations in clinical studies. These are generally mild and dose-related, and are attributed largely to the intensely bitter diterpenoid content of which 14-deoxyandrographolide is a part.

8.4 Hepatotoxicity Considerations

While preclinical data indicate hepatoprotective properties of 14-deoxyandrographolide, some concern exists regarding hepatotoxicity of andrographolide derivatives at high doses. This apparent paradox (hepatoprotective at moderate doses, potentially hepatotoxic at high doses) has been noted in the broader andrographolide literature. The mechanistic basis, dose-dependence, and relevance to 14-deoxyandrographolide specifically have not been resolved in available clinical evidence.

8.5 Potential Drug Interactions

A. paniculata has the pharmacological effects of anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antihyperglycemic, anticancer, antistress, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activity, and compounds in the plant may interact with multiple drug metabolizing enzymes and pathways. The PAF-antagonist and NOS-activating properties of 14-deoxyandrographolide suggest theoretical interactions with:

Antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs: PAF antagonism by 14-deoxyandrographolide and the broader antiplatelet activity of the andrographolide family may potentiate the effects of antiplatelet agents such as aspirin or clopidogrel, though this has not been confirmed in human pharmacodynamic studies.
Antidiabetic medications: In vitro evidence showing glucose-uptake enhancement comparable to metformin suggests a theoretical risk of additive hypoglycemia when combined with antidiabetic drugs, though human data are absent.
Antihypertensive drugs: The vasorelaxant properties of 14-deoxyandrographolide (via NOS activation) raise the theoretical possibility of additive blood pressure-lowering effects with antihypertensive agents.
Immunosuppressants: The immunomodulatory activity of 14-deoxyandrographolide and the broader plant extract theoretically could modify the effects of immunosuppressant drugs, though this has not been studied clinically for the isolated compound.

Specific pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction data for isolated 14-deoxyandrographolide in humans are not available in the reviewed literature. A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interaction study of A. paniculata extract and andrographolide with etoricoxib was published in Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2016), but this involved the whole extract and the principal compound, not isolated 14-deoxyandrographolide.

8.6 Pregnancy and Special Populations

Anti-fertility activity has been attributed to A. paniculata preparations in traditional and phytopharmacological contexts, and the plant has been noted in Ayurvedic texts as potentially antifertility in nature. No specific safety data for 14-deoxyandrographolide in pregnancy or lactation are available in the reviewed literature. Caution in these populations is inferred from the general profile of the plant.

9. Research Gaps and Evidence Summary

The scientific literature on 14-deoxyandrographolide is substantially less extensive than that on its co-occurring parent compound andrographolide. A large number of identified pharmacological activities — immunomodulation, anti-atherosclerosis, hepatoprotection, antidiabetic activity, vasorelaxation, PAF antagonism, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects — are supported by in vitro and animal-model data, with mechanistic hypotheses pointing to NF-κB inhibition, NOS/cGMP pathway activation, GLUT4 upregulation, and PAF receptor antagonism.

No randomized controlled trials or other prospective human clinical studies specifically designed to test isolated 14-deoxyandrographolide as an intervention have been identified in the peer-reviewed literature through the date of this review. Human clinical evidence concerning A. paniculata extracts (which contain 14-deoxyandrographolide as a minor constituent alongside andrographolide and other compounds) cannot be attributed specifically to this compound.

This herb shows a wide variety of health benefits and many bioactive compounds are being identified; furthermore, several derivatives have been semi-synthesized to enhance their bioactivity compared to the original compounds, suggesting potential for drug development. These compounds share structural similarities with andrographolide but exhibit differences at certain positions which may influence their biological activities, making 14-deoxyandrographolide an active target for future pharmaceutical and nutraceutical research.

References

Health Conditions

Health conditions that Deoxyandrographolides may help support.

No conditions available.

Body Systems

Body systems that Deoxyandrographolides may help support.

No body systems available.