IngredientsChen Pi (also romanized as chenpi or chimpi) is sun-dried mandarin orange peel used as a traditional seasoning in Chinese cooking and traditional medicine. Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP), commonly referred to as Chenpi (陈皮) in Chinese, is an orange-colored Citrus reticulata Blanco fruit peel that has been most frequently used as a qi-regulating drug in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions for clinical treatment since thousands of years in China.
The herb carries several formal designations:
The name "Chen Pi" literally means "aged peel." Its common name is 'ju pi,' meaning mandarin orange peel. The most highly prized Chen Pi comes from Xinhui, Guangdong in southern China, known as Guang Chenpi (or chachi/chazhi). Other varieties mentioned in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (PPRC) include Dahong-pao, Unshiu, and Tangerina.
The character "chén" literally means "aged" and typically commercially available Chen Pi is aged for at least one year; better quality is aged for three years, and the finest grade is ten years old or more. The diverse pharmacological effects of Chen Pi are primarily attributed to its rich composition of bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids, which include hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin. The quality and efficacy of Guang Chenpi are intrinsically linked to its traditional processing method, which mandates a minimum three-year aging period.
Research employing widely targeted metabolomics, microbial amplicon sequencing, and fermentation assays investigated the microbiome's influence on the peel's flavonoid profile over 0–19 years of storage. Correlation analysis revealed that the accumulation of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) was closely linked to specific bacterial and fungal communities. Solid-state fermentation showed that Bacillus subtilis N18-1 enhanced the content of certain PMFs, while Aspergillus tubingensis P21-1 reduced them.
Research has demonstrated that low temperature and low humidity conditions (4°C ± 2°C / 35–40%) hinder the aging process of Guang Chenpi, while prolonged exposure to high temperature or high humidity (35°C ± 2°C / >85%) accelerates the transformation and formation of ferulic acid by 7-fold but significantly decreases key components such as total flavonoids.
Fresh tangerine peel should not be substituted for Chen Pi, as it may carry pesticide and preservative residues and lacks the beneficial chemical transformation that occurs during the aging process.
In traditional Chinese medicine, the dried peel of the fruit is used, often aged (sometimes until it turns black in color) and sometimes even toasted in a wok. A decoction is then made from the peel in combination with other herbs. Both the outermost peel (exocarp) and the inner peel (pericarp) are used for different specific medicinal purposes.
Common preparations and forms include:
Traditional Chinese herbal medicine uses the alcohol extracts of several citrus peels, including those extracted from mandarin orange and bitter orange.
Chen Pi has been used in TCM for centuries. Its earliest record appears in the Shennong Bencao Jing (Shennong's Classic of Herbal Medicine), where it is listed as a top-grade herb for relieving chest congestion and aiding digestion.
The practice of using citrus peels in traditional Chinese medicine originated in the Song dynasty and has lasted for seven hundred years. Chenpi was of high popularity through the Ming and Qing dynasties, and was shipped to foreign provinces by businessmen from Xinhui in Guangdong.
Chinese physician Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty detailed its properties in the Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu), noting its ability to regulate qi, strengthen the spleen, clear phlegm, and counteract alcohol toxicity. Later texts like Bencao Beiyao and Bencao Zhengyi expanded its applications.
A famous Qing dynasty doctor named Ye Gui (1667–1746) prescribed chenpi as one of the ingredients in 'Erchen Tang,' a decoction consisting of two old drugs.
Chen Pi is categorized in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a qi regulator, meaning it helps energy overcome obstacles to remove blockages inside the body. It is classified as warm, sweet, pungent, and aromatic.
Key traditional indications documented in TCM classical literature include:
This combination is the core pair in Er Chen Tang (Two-Aged Decoction), one of the foundational formulas of classical Chinese herbal medicine.
Chenpi is also used in the traditional medicines of other Asian countries such as Japan, where it is called Chinpi. In Japan, Chenpi is prescribed as an herbal medicine for inflammation, allergy, and hepatopathy.
Studies show that the two most bioactive components of CRP are flavonoids and volatile oils. CRP is rich in diverse chemical constituents, including volatile components, flavonoids, alkaloids, and polysaccharides.
Chenpi contains volatile oils including the chemical compounds nobiletin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, tangeretin, citromitin, synephrine, carotene, cryptoxanthin, inositol, vitamin B1, and vitamin C.
The principal flavonoid subclasses are:
The essential oil of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium has D-Limonene (76.51%), α-Pinene (2.68%), and Linalool (2.11%) as its primary constituents. Among the primary chemical constituents of the oil are limonene (as much as 90%), geraniol, citral, and citronella.
Chen Pi contains synephrine, a sympathomimetic amine. Additional minor constituents include carotenoids (carotene, cryptoxanthin), inositol, and polysaccharides.
A comprehensive review provides an overview of the bioactive compounds present in CRP, with a specific focus on polymethoxyflavones and their transformations during the aging process. The prolonged storage allows for continuous and gradual oxidative transformations and concentration of compounds, ultimately resulting in the development of the characteristic complex aroma, rich color, and enhanced medicinal properties.
The underlying mechanism responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of CRP primarily involves the inhibition of inflammatory factors through signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).
The essential oil of CRP significantly preserved cell viability and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated cell studies.
Tangeretin diminished the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E2, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6, and subdued the expression of LPS-induced nitric oxide synthase, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 in microglial cells.
The gastroprotective mechanism of hesperidin has been attributed to free radical scavenging via its metal-chelating and Fenton reaction-inhibiting properties. Research suggests that hesperidin has many beneficial effects, having been found to substantially inhibit LDL oxidation and to be a potent antioxidant with neuroprotective effects.
CRP contains flavonoids including hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin, and has antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor effects that reduce cholesterol, prevent atherosclerosis, and decrease liver injury. In the gastrointestinal tract, the volatile oil components, including limonene, are understood to contribute to the herb's aromatic prokinetic properties.
KEGG pathway enrichment results revealed that inflammatory and apoptotic pathways are the primary CRP action pathways. CRP mediates the IL-17 signaling pathway by regulating targets such as PTGS2, MAPK3, and CASP3. In the context of lipid metabolism, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway are the main signaling pathways involved in the anti-obesity effect of Chenpi.
Hesperidin can increase the proportion of Lactobacillus in healthy mice. Citrus polymethoxyflavones can greatly enrich the bacterium Bacteroides in high-fat diet mice. The abundance of Proteobacteria and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes were decreased by the Chenpi extract in high-fat diet mice.
The two most bioactive components of CRP are flavonoids and volatile oils, and its cardiovascular protective effects have attracted considerable research interest due to its hypolipidemic, antiplatelet activity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Animal / preclinical evidence: In a rat study, Chenpi extract and hesperidin significantly inhibited aspirin-induced oxidative DNA damage and the bleeding score of the aspirin-induced gastric mucosa was significantly reduced by treatment with both Chenpi extract and hesperidin. Importantly, Chenpi extract and hesperidin did not significantly affect the analgesic effect of aspirin, suggesting that Chenpi extract and hesperidin significantly inhibit aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage without interfering with the primary action of the co-administered drug.
Microbiome evidence (animal): Citrus reticulatae pericarpium extract was shown to regulate antibiotic-induced gut microbial disorder in juvenile mice and reduce the level of the flora metabolism product TMAO under high-fat diet feeding in adulthood, thereby reducing inflammation levels and improving glycolipid metabolism.
Evidence characterization: Most gastrointestinal evidence remains at the preclinical (animal and in vitro) level. Research on individual TCM herbs is growing but still limited by Western clinical trial standards. Direct human RCT evidence specifically for Chen Pi's gastrointestinal effects is sparse; the traditional use is extensive and consistent, but clinical confirmation in randomized trials is lacking.
Meta-analytic evidence (hesperidin, the primary flavonoid): A meta-analysis of 9 randomized controlled trials involving 2,414 subjects found that hesperidin (the primary flavonoid in Chen Pi) significantly reduced LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides compared to placebo. No significant effects were found on blood pressure or HDL cholesterol. The authors concluded that hesperidin supplementation could benefit patients with cardiovascular disease risk factors.
A dose-response meta-analysis of RCTs found that hesperidin supplementation significantly reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, TNF-alpha, and systolic blood pressure. The effective dosage was approximately 1,000 mg/day, with interventions longer than 6–8 weeks showing stronger effects on fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance markers.
Chen Pi fermented preparation (clinical pilot): Tangerine Peel Enzyme Drink (CPJS), a fermented health product derived from tangerine peel, demonstrated lipid-modulating properties, and a randomized controlled pilot trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CPJS in improving dyslipidemia and to explore its underlying metabolic and microbiological mechanisms.
Preclinical cardiovascular evidence: Accumulating evidence suggests that CRP and its components are effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and hypertension. In preclinical research, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium was found to protect against myocardial dysfunction both in vivo and in vitro through a model of isoproterenol-induced chronic heart failure.
Evidence characterization: Hesperidin's lipid effects in humans are the best-supported area of Chen Pi pharmacology, with multiple RCTs and meta-analyses. Evidence for whole CRP (rather than isolated hesperidin) in cardiovascular disease in humans remains more limited.
Chenpi has expectorant activities and broncho-dilative effects, and is usually used to treat upper respiratory tract infections in traditional Chinese medicinal formula. The mature peel of Citrus unshiu (Chenpi) is used for improving bronchial and asthmatic conditions as well as for improving the circulation of cardiac and peripheral blood.
Mechanistic evidence (asthma, animal/cell): Hesperidin was reported to inhibit inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus hypersecretion in a murine model of asthma.
COPD and lung cancer prevention (network pharmacology / animal): Network analysis revealed that the key active components of Chenpi (nobiletin, naringenin, hesperetin) regulate five core targets (AKT1, TP53, IL6, VEGFA, MMP9), with 103 potential pathways identified. Chenpi may prevent COPD and its progression to lung cancer by acting on PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway. In mice with lung cancer and COPD, treatment with hesperetin dose-dependently improved not only lung tissue injury in COPD but also carcinoma lesions in lung cancer, and hesperetin could suppress the protein expression of AKT1, IL6, VEGFA, MMP9 and up-regulate the protein expression of TP53.
Evidence characterization: Human clinical trial evidence for Chen Pi in respiratory conditions is absent; the available evidence is preclinical (animal models and in vitro) and network pharmacology studies. Traditional use is well-documented.
Extensive studies have indicated that Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) has immense potential as an anti-inflammatory food. A review has summarized advances in utilizing CRP for the prevention and controlling of inflammation under various pathological conditions.
Among tested citrus essential oils, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium essential oil (CRPEO) exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory effects, with D-Limonene (76.51%) as its primary constituent.
Evidence characterization: Anti-inflammatory effects are well-demonstrated at the cellular and animal level. Human clinical studies confirming anti-inflammatory outcomes for CRP specifically are limited.
Nobiletin (in vitro and animal): Studies show that nobiletin exhibits an anticancer role in various cancers, including skin, prostate, colon, and breast cancer. In ovarian cancer research, nobiletin inhibits secretion of the key angiogenesis mediators Akt, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and VEGF. Decreased levels of HIF-1α were responsible for nobiletin-induced suppression of VEGF, suggesting that nobiletin may be a promising anti-angiogenic agent relevant for therapy of ovarian cancers.
Reviews highlight the anti-lung cancer activity of nobiletin by modulating critical tumor-promoting signaling pathways thereby suppressing cancer cell proliferation, infiltration, and metastasis. Nobiletin triggers cancer cell apoptosis by caspase-3 activation and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. However, its medical use is constrained by poor aqueous solubility and limited bioavailability.
Hesperidin (animal): Hesperidin and naringenin in CRP affect the apoptosis pathway by acting on CASP3, BAX, and BCL2.
Evidence characterization: All anticancer evidence for Chen Pi constituents is at the in vitro (cell culture) or animal model level. No human clinical trials have established Chen Pi or its isolated flavonoids as effective cancer treatments. These findings are preliminary and exploratory.
CRP contains flavonoids including hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin and has antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor effects that reduce cholesterol, prevent atherosclerosis, and decrease liver injury. PTGS2 (cyclooxygenase-2) extensively participates in hepatic inflammation induced by xenobiotics. Hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin are all involved in regulating PTGS2; inhibition of PTGS2 mRNA expression is one of the manifestations of liver injury's acute inflammation resolution.
Evidence characterization: Liver protection data are derived from systems pharmacology analyses and preclinical models. Human clinical evidence is lacking.
A network pharmacology and molecular docking study investigated the anti-obesity phytochemicals and molecular mechanisms of Chenpi. A total of 17 bioactive phytochemicals from Chenpi and 475 related anti-obesity targets were identified. PI3K/Akt, MAPK, AMPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways are the main signaling pathways involved in the anti-obesity effect of Chenpi.
In an in vitro lipid accumulation model, tangeretin effectively suppressed free fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells by upregulating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway.
Evidence characterization: Metabolic data are largely preclinical (network pharmacology and cell models). The clinical pilot trial with fermented Chen Pi product (CPJS) represents an early-stage human study specifically targeting dyslipidemia.
Network pharmacology and experimental validation were utilized to explore the potential mechanisms of PMFs from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. The results suggested that PMFs have potential therapeutic value for Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like mice, with the inhibition of neuroinflammation likely being a key mechanism of their anti-AD effects.
Evidence characterization: Neuroprotective evidence is limited to animal models and in vitro studies. No human clinical trials exist for Chen Pi or its PMFs in neurological disease.
With further research in clinical applications, the use of CRP is not limited to the respiratory and gastrointestinal system and has involved many aspects such as cardiovascular, anti-tumor, antioxidation, and anti-inflammatory. The following body systems are the primary areas of research and traditional use:
The following dosages are cited from source-specific studies and authoritative TCM references:
Note: No standardized human dose has been established by regulatory pharmacopoeias for Chen Pi as an isolated supplement. Clinical doses cited in the literature refer specifically to the isolated flavonoid hesperidin. The TCM doses of 3–9 g refer to use of the whole dried peel in multi-herb decoctions.
Chen Pi is classified as non-toxic in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and has a long history of safe use as both medicine and food. No toxic components have been identified. There is a class 1 rating from the American Herbal Products Association for Chen Pi supplements (meaning it is safe so long as it is used as directed).
The main concern with excessive long-term use is its warm, drying nature, which may gradually damage Yin fluids, leading to symptoms such as dry mouth, constipation, or restlessness. This is a property-related caution rather than a toxicity issue.
Dried tangerine peel is warm and drying in nature and has the function of promoting qi circulation. For individuals with qi deficiency or yin deficiency, excessive or long-term consumption may further deplete qi and injure yin, thereby worsening physical weakness.
Chen Pi is commonly adulterated or confused with related citrus peels. Fresh tangerine peel is sometimes sold as Chen Pi but lacks the aging process and contains higher volatile oil content with a different chemical profile.
Several clinically significant potential interactions have been identified:
Because Chen Pi contains synephrine, a sympathomimetic compound structurally related to ephedrine, the safety literature on high-dose synephrine supplementation is relevant. A review of 30 case reports describing 35 patients who suffered medical complaints following use of synephrine-containing supplements found that patients most often presented with chest pain, palpitations, syncope, and dizziness, with commonly raised diagnoses including ischaemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and cerebrovascular disease. It should be noted that these adverse events relate primarily to concentrated synephrine in weight-loss supplements, and the synephrine content of Chen Pi used in traditional doses is substantially lower than concentrated synephrine extracts.
Chen Pi (陈皮) Aged tangerine peel / Citrus peel is not listed in either of the two classical incompatibility texts — Shi Ba Fan (Eighteen Antagonisms) or Shi Jiu Wei (Nineteen Mutual Inhibitions).
Health conditions that Chen pi may help support.
Chen Pi's volatile oils directly stimulate digestive tract motility and gastric secretion, relieving bloating, fullness, and flatulence. Long-term clinical application in TCM and pharmacological studies confirm its carminative and prokinetic activity on the middle GI tract.
Chen Pi's flavonoids—hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, quercetin-glucoside—demonstrate robust free-radical scavenging in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, with antioxidant activity increasing with storage duration. Human studies with hesperidin show activation of the endogenous Nrf2/antioxidant pathway.
Hesperidin from Chen Pi activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase, increasing NO-mediated vasodilation. Clinical trials and a 2023 meta-analysis of RCTs demonstrate modest but statistically significant reductions in systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure.
Chen Pi flavonoids—hesperidin and PMFs—inhibit α-glucosidase activity, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce fasting blood glucose in human trials. A 2023 meta-analysis of RCTs with hesperidin found a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose and improved insulin sensitivity index.
Multiple RCTs and meta-analyses demonstrate that hesperidin—Chen Pi's primary flavonoid—significantly reduces LDL and total cholesterol in humans. A clinical trial with Citrus peel pellet also showed significant cholesterol reductions. PMF compounds in CRP inhibit SREBP-mediated cholesterol synthesis.
Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have characterised Chen Pi's flavonoids—nobiletin, tangeretin, and hesperidin—as potent inhibitors of NF-κB signalling, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). A 2025 Frontiers study confirmed the essential oil of CRP exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory activity among six Citrus species tested.
Chen Pi nobiletin and tangeretin exhibit multi-target neuroprotective activity against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease pathology in preclinical models, including reduction of Aβ accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. All evidence is currently preclinical.
Chen Pi has a documented history of traditional use for diarrhea across thousands of years in TCM, and is listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for GI conditions including diarrhea. Mechanistic studies show its flavonoids reduce intestinal inflammation and modulate motility.
Multiple preclinical and one pilot human-model study show Chen Pi reshapes gut microbial communities, increasing beneficial short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and reducing dysbiosis-related metabolites. A 2025 RCT using Chenpi fermented enzyme drink demonstrated microbiome changes alongside lipid improvement in dyslipidaemic subjects.
Chen Pi's PMFs and volatile oils have demonstrated anti-obesity effects in animal models and a small clinical trial through AMPK activation, inhibition of adipogenesis, and reduction of adipose tissue weight. A Citrus peel pellet human clinical study showed significant BMI reduction.
Chen Pi flavonoids (hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin) protect cardiovascular function by improving endothelial function, inhibiting macrophage foam-cell formation, reducing lipid oxidation, and lowering atherogenic lipids. Clinical data come from hesperidin RCTs and lipid-lowering trials.
Chen Pi flavonoids hesperidin and naringin protect the liver from chemically induced injury by activating the NRF2 antioxidant pathway, inhibiting AKT1 phosphorylation, and reducing hepatic lipid accumulation. Systems pharmacology studies confirm multi-target hepatoprotective activity.
Nobiletin and tangeretin from Chen Pi demonstrate memory-improving effects in multiple animal models of cognitive impairment including Alzheimer's disease models. Nobiletin reduces soluble Aβ levels, reverses memory impairment, and reduces hippocampal oxidative stress. Evidence is currently preclinical.
Chen Pi's PMFs and hesperidin simultaneously target the core components of metabolic syndrome—elevated lipids, blood glucose, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction—in human and animal studies. A hesperidin RCT specifically in metabolic syndrome patients demonstrated improved endothelial function and reduced blood pressure.
Chen Pi's PMFs activate AMPK in adipose tissue and liver, modulating lipid and glucose metabolism. Clinical evidence shows improvements in cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, and insulin sensitivity. PMFs also regulate gut microbiota metabolites influencing systemic metabolic function.
Chen Pi has been used for millennia in TCM as an antiemetic. Its volatile oils and flavonoids (hesperidin, nobiletin) are documented to stimulate gastric secretions and modulate gastrointestinal motility. Pharmacopeial listing in China (Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China) reflects extensive clinical tradition backed by mechanistic research.
Chen Pi's polymethoxylated flavones reduce serum triglycerides via PPARγ-LPL/ATGL and FXR-HL pathways. A 2023 hesperidin meta-analysis and a dedicated RCT with Chen Pi fermented enzyme drink both show significant TG reductions in dyslipidaemic subjects.
Chen Pi polysaccharides have demonstrated gastroprotective effects against gastric ulcer in animal models, activating Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathways and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Essential oil fractions suppress gastric acid secretion. The evidence base is preclinical rather than human.
In TCM, Chen Pi is traditionally prescribed to stimulate appetite (treat 'inappetence') by strengthening Spleen Qi and increasing gastric secretions. Its aromatic volatile oils are understood to awaken digestive function and reduce food stagnation.
Chen Pi is traditionally used in TCM for asthma-pattern presentations involving excessive phlegm and airway constriction. Its alkaloids have demonstrated anti-asthmatic activity preclinically, and flavonoids reduce IgE and Th2-type cytokines relevant to allergic asthma.
Chen Pi is one of the most historically important TCM herbs for bronchial conditions, used to 'dry dampness and transform phlegm' in the Lungs. It is traditionally combined with pinellia and poria for cough with phlegm congestion and chest tightness.
Chen Pi is traditionally listed in Chinese Materia Medica for chronic bronchitis and is used in clinical TCM practice for cough with profuse phlegm. Its mucolytic volatile oils and anti-inflammatory flavonoids provide mechanistic rationale, though isolated clinical trials are unavailable.
Chen Pi is traditionally applied in TCM for gastritis-type presentations (epigastric pain, bloating, reduced appetite) and is listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for digestive conditions. Modern studies confirm CRP polysaccharides protect against gastric mucosal injury.
Chen Pi is traditionally prescribed in TCM for IBS-pattern presentations including alternating bloating, diarrhoea, and abdominal discomfort related to spleen-stomach Qi dysfunction. It is a component of multiple classical formulas used for IBS-equivalent conditions.
Chen Pi targets the Lung meridian in TCM and is traditionally used to clear phlegm, reduce cough, and support respiratory function. Its anti-inflammatory flavonoids and mucolytic volatile oils provide scientific plausibility, though direct human lung endpoint RCTs are lacking.
Chen Pi is a well-established TCM remedy for morning sickness, classified as treating nausea and vomiting related to pregnancy (Spleen-Stomach disharmony). It is frequently prescribed in combination formulas by TCM practitioners for pregnancy-related nausea.
Chen Pi (dried tangerine/citrus peel, Citrus reticulata) is a key TCM herb used to transform phlegm, dry dampness, and regulate qi in respiratory conditions. Laboratory studies indicate volatile oils and flavonoids in Chen Pi have anti-inflammatory, antitussive, and expectorant effects. Animal studies show Chen Pi extracts can reduce cough and modulate mucus production, though robust human clinical RCTs are lacking.
Body systems that Chen pi may help support.
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