Bidens pilosa

Bidens pilosa: A Comprehensive Reference

1. Identity, Taxonomy, and Natural Source

Bidens pilosa was first collected and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Taxonomically, it is assigned to the Bidens genus within the family Asteraceae. A globally invasive weed native to the Americas, it is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions and is listed as an invasive alien species in many countries.

There are 230 to 240 known Bidens species. Among them, Bidens pilosa is a representative perennial herb, globally distributed across temperate and tropical regions. B. pilosa is an erect, perennial plant with green leaves, white or yellow flowers, and tiny black seeds.

The plant is known by numerous common names across different regions and languages, including black-jack, hairy beggarticks, cobbler's pegs, Spanish needles, picão preto (Brazil), and amor seco (Latin America). Bidens pilosa, a plant native to South America but widely distributed worldwide, including Africa, China, Japan, and the Americas, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its rich phytochemical profile.

For the B. pilosa plant, the whole plant, the aerial parts (leaves, flowers, seeds, and stems), and/or the roots, fresh or dried, are used as ingredients in folk medicines. The plant has significant ethnobotanical value as both a food and beverage supplement; various parts including the leaves, flowers, stems, and entire plant are consumed as food. In Africa, the leaves and young shoots are commonly used in meals, either cooked in soups and stews or added fresh to salads. In many other countries, the young shoot tips and leaves are utilized for preparing beverages, juices, or dried to make tea.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

Bidens pilosa possesses a long history of traditional use. A systematic review has compiled ethnobotanical records from 15 countries, documenting 60 traditional medicinal indications across 14 disease categories spanning Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

The folkloric use of B. pilosa has been recorded in America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. As it is distributed worldwide and is widely used as a folk remedy, B. pilosa can be thought of as an extraordinary source of food and medicine.

Africa

Bidens pilosa is an important traditional medicine in South Africa that has been used by various cultural groups for a wide range of treatments. For instance, a leaf decoction is used to treat headaches, ear infections, kidney problems, and flatulence. The leaf extract is also used to cure malaria, stomach and mouth ulcers, diarrhea, and hangover; the whole plant is also used as a poison antidote.

Asia

In China, B. pilosa is traditionally considered to cure enteritis, bacterial dysentery, and pharyngitis. In India, Bidens pilosa is commonly employed in therapeutic medicine for treating flu, glandular sclerosis, colds, wounds, urinary tract infections, and acute or chronic hepatitis.

In Japan, the traditional drug known as Kampo-tea® is made from dried B. pilosa powder and used as an ingredient in tea for livedo reticularis with summer ulceration, a cutaneous disease. The extract made by boiling the aerial parts is said to have anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Latin America and the Caribbean

In Brazil, Bidens pilosa is referred to as picão preto and is extensively employed as a therapeutic plant for addressing diabetes, inflammation, ulcers, arterial hypertension, and various infections. Young leaves and flowers have been used in Mexican folk medicine to treat stomach disorders, hemorrhoids, and diabetes. In Cuba and the Bahamas, this plant is recognized for its anti-tumor properties.

Preparations in Traditional Use

In traditional usage, the plants are consumed either dried or fresh, or prepared as decoctions or infusions in water, or as tinctures in alcohol. In Taiwan, decoctions, tinctures, and capsules made from the dried powder of whole Bidens pilosa are commonly sold as food products or dietary supplements, with estimates of around 700 tons of fresh Bidens pilosa consumed or sold each year for the treatment of diabetes, with a total market value of approximately 4 million USD annually.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

Major chemical constituents — including 301 compounds — belonging to polyacetylenes, polyacetylene glycosides, flavonoids, flavone glycosides, aurones, chalcones, okanin glycosides, phenolic acids, terpenes, pheophytins, fatty acids, and phytosterols have been identified or isolated from the different parts of this plant. Many of them have been considered as the bioactive compounds potentially responsible for the pharmacological actions.

Polyynes, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, fatty acids, and phenolics are the primary bioactive compounds of B. pilosa.

Polyacetylenes (Polyynes)

Polyacetylenes are among the most pharmacologically significant compound classes in B. pilosa. Much emphasis has been directed to cytopiloyne as a representative of polyacetylenic compounds extracted from Bidens pilosa and its activity on diabetic animal models. Among the polyynes, cytopiloyne identified from B. pilosa had better glucose-reducing activities in diabetic mice than the other two polyynes evaluated. Researchers also demonstrated that B. pilosa and cytopiloyne lowered blood glucose via insulin secretion and islet protection. Further mechanistic studies showed that cytopiloyne and, probably, B. pilosa exerted antidiabetic action via regulation of β-cell function.

In vivo bioassay-guided fractionation of the aqueous alcohol extract of the aerial parts of Bidens pilosa var. radiata yielded two known polyacetylenic glucosides, identified as 2-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-1-hydroxy-5(E)-tridecene-7,9,11-triyne and 3-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-1-hydroxy-6(E)-tetradecene-8,10,12-triyne. A 3:2 mixture of these two compounds effected a significant drop in blood glucose.

Flavonoids

Among the most consistently identified flavonoids across multiple studies are quercetin, rutin, isookanin, and glucuronylated quercetin. These flavonoids are among the most pharmacologically relevant, with a wide range of reported activities including enzyme inhibition, reactive oxygen species scavenging, and modulation of intracellular signaling pathways.

Phenolics such as luteolin and ethyl caffeate are major constituents of B. pilosa and have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity. Luteolin was reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages; it was shown to inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and interleukin-6 in RAW 264.7 cells following LPS stimulation, with an IC50 value of 1 μM for TNF-α inhibition.

Phenolic Acids and Other Compounds

The plant contains various chemical constituents, including polyacetylenes, polyacetylenic glycosides, aurones, aurone glycosides, p-coumaric acid derivatives, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, pheophytins, diterpenes, tannins, phytosterols, ascorbic acid, carotene, essential oils, saponins, steroids, and flavonoids.

GC-MS analyses have been pivotal in identifying lipophilic and volatile compounds, including palmitic acid, oleic acid, α-pinene, phytol, and other terpenoids. These molecules, often associated with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, are key to understanding the broader pharmacological effects of B. pilosa, especially in topical and nutraceutical applications.

4. Mechanisms of Action

Anti-inflammatory Pathways

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a physiologically important enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin (PGE2). Its expression is induced by a wide variety of external stimuli and it is used as an inflammatory marker. Studies of the aqueous extracts of B. pilosa aerial parts in normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) in response to inflammatory cytokine IL-1β showed that IL-1β activated MAPKs such as ERK1/2, p38, and JNK, and induced COX-2 expression. COX-2 expression in HDFs was regulated mainly by p38 following IL-1β stimulation.

Compounds or extracts of Bidens modulate immune cells. This activity was associated with the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids that control proliferation, oxidative stress, phagocytosis, and the production of cytokines of different cells.

Antidiabetic Mechanisms

Previous studies have reported antidiabetic activity of B. pilosa; its polyacetylenic compounds are capable of ameliorating diabetes via T-cell regulation, insulin secretion, and management of obesity.

The underlying mechanism of the crude extract of B. pilosa and its active compound cytopiloyne (compound 19/CP) in type 1 diabetes has been studied. Both the extract and cytopiloyne can suppress T1D development via regulation of T cells and β cells in NOD mice. Their regulation of T cells involves Th cell activation and differentiation. Cytopiloyne and/or the extract augment the expression of the GATA-3 gene and, in turn, promote the expression of IL-4 and Th2 cell differentiation.

These phytocompounds can work independently or synergistically to modulate appetite, lipase activity, adipogenesis, and adipocyte apoptosis.

Antioxidant Mechanisms

Across rodent studies, aqueous B. pilosa reduces lipid peroxidation, restores endogenous antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced glutathione), and improves histopathology in organs affected by diet-induced stress. These effects coincide with favorable changes in metabolic and inflammatory markers, including attenuation of NF-κB and TNF-α signaling, consistent with broad cytoprotective activity in the liver and kidney.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

5.1 Diabetes and Blood Glucose Regulation

Evidence strength: One small human pilot study; substantive preclinical (animal and in vitro) data.

In human clinical studies, a pilot study ("Bidens pilosa Formulation Improves Blood Glucose Homeostasis and Beta-Cell Function in Men: A Pilot Study") reported that single or combination use of B. pilosa could significantly reduce fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).

In this pilot study, fourteen volunteers whose fasting blood glucose was more than 126 mg/dL and/or whose 2-hour postmeal prandial blood glucose was more than 200 mg/dL were diagnosed as diabetics based on the American Diabetes Association criteria. The researchers evaluated the effect of a B. pilosa formulation on fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in diabetic subjects. The formulation reduced the level of FBG and HbA1c in diabetics but increased fasting serum insulin in healthy subjects. Combination of the B. pilosa formulation with antidiabetic drugs had better glycemic control in diabetics. The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) data suggested that the antidiabetic activity of this formulation was via improvement of β-cell function.

In preclinical studies, single oral dose B. pilosa methanolic crude extracts and its polyacetylenic compounds reduced blood glucose levels in db/db mice by increasing insulin release, whereas reduction of HbA1c was observed as a long-term effect. Treatment of db/db mice with B. pilosa water extract improved glucose tolerance, decreased HbA1c, and protected the structure of pancreatic islets and enhanced insulin secretion. Administration of intraperitoneal injections of cytopiloyne at 25 μg/kg body weight per dose three times per week completely prevented the development of diabetes in 30-week-old non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.

However, the efficacy, mode of action, and scope of management of diabetes by these compounds remain elusive. Large-scale clinical trials on the efficacy and toxicology of B. pilosa in humans are required prior to its further medical use.

5.2 Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity

Evidence strength: Substantial preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) evidence; very limited human clinical evidence.

Different communities around the world traditionally use Bidens pilosa for medicinal purposes, mainly for its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant properties; it is used as an ingredient in teas or herbal medicines for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and immunological disorders. Several studies have been conducted that prove the immunomodulatory properties of this plant; however, it is not known whether the immunomodulatory properties of B. pilosa are mediated by its ability to modulate antigen-presenting cells.

Until now there has only been one clinical trial in phase I and II associated with the anti-inflammatory activity of Bidens in mucositis. The vast majority of anti-inflammatory evidence therefore remains preclinical. Most of the scientific information analyzed in a systematic immunomodulatory review supports the potential use of B. pilosa mainly as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumoral, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial immune response modulator. It is necessary that this biological activity be corroborated through the design of specialized clinical trials that demonstrate effectiveness in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and infectious diseases.

5.3 Antimicrobial Activity

Evidence strength: In vitro data only; no controlled human trials identified.

The plant has a long history of medicinal use, with its juice and aqueous extracts having well-documented antimicrobial properties.

In laboratory studies, the crude methanolic extract showed significant antibacterial activity with inhibition zones ranging from 9.1–18.2 mm. B. pilosa showed maximum antibacterial activity against E. coli with an 18.2 mm inhibition zone at 10 mg/mL, comparable to standard Ampicillin at 30 μg/mL. The extract also showed significant antimicrobial inhibition of S. aureus, M. luteus, and P. aeruginosa with 15.66, 14.66, and 14 mm zones respectively at 10 mg/mL, and was less active against C. albicans with a 9.1 mm inhibition zone at the same concentration.

5.4 Antimalarial Activity

Evidence strength: In vitro and animal data only.

Among Asteraceae species, B. pilosa is one of the most promising and potent antimalarial botanicals, as it shows strong inhibition against parasitemia in in vitro cultures.

5.5 Antioxidant Activity

Evidence strength: Consistent in vitro and animal (rodent) data; no controlled human trials identified.

Natural compounds such as polyphenols can be helpful as anti-inflammatory agents, given their antioxidant properties and capacity to inhibit enzymes involved in eicosanoid synthesis. B. pilosa has been reported to have polyphenols and additional flavonoids, which can also exert antioxidant and protective effects against the damage generated by free radicals.

5.6 Hepatoprotective Activity

Evidence strength: Animal (rodent) data; no controlled human trials identified.

Three variants of B. pilosa, including B. pilosa L. var Minor, protect the liver from injury by various hepatotoxins and have potential as broad-spectrum hepatoprotective agents. The aqueous extract of B. pilosa displayed protection against liver damage induced by chronic obstructive cholestasis in young rats and was proposed for use as a treatment of an analogous disease in children.

5.7 Anticancer and Antitumor Activity

Evidence strength: In vitro and limited animal data; no human clinical trials identified.

A cross-referencing analysis of ethnobotanical and pharmacological literature reveals that anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antitumor, and antimicrobial activities are the most consistently validated activities among those studied in pharmacological models.

Bidens pilosa L. has been used in different parts of the world mainly to treat diseases associated with immune response disorders, such as autoimmunity, cancer, allergies, and infectious diseases. The medicinal properties of this plant are attributed to its chemical components. Nevertheless, there is little conclusive evidence that describes the immunomodulatory activity of this plant.

5.8 Immunomodulatory Activity

Evidence strength: Preclinical (in vitro and animal) data; very limited clinical evidence.

A systematic search carried out in the PubMed-NLM, EBSCO Host, and BVS databases focused on the pre-clinical scientific evidence of the immunomodulatory properties of B. pilosa identified 314 articles, of which only 23 were selected as meeting criteria. The results show that the compounds or extracts of Bidens modulate immune cells, activity associated with the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids that control proliferation, oxidative stress, phagocytosis, and the production of cytokines of different cells.

6. Body Systems and Health Areas

Various types of preparations, extracts, and individual compounds derived from this plant have been found to possess biological and pharmacological activities such as anti-malarial, anti-allergy, anti-hypertensive and smooth muscle relaxant, anti-cancerogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and antioxidant.

• Endocrine / Metabolic system: Blood glucose regulation, insulin secretion, pancreatic β-cell protection, lipid and obesity modulation.
• Immune system: Modulation of macrophage and dendritic cell polarization, cytokine production, phagocytosis, and T-cell differentiation.
• Gastrointestinal system: Traditional use for enteritis, dysentery, ulcers, diarrhea, stomach disorders.
• Hepatic system: Hepatoprotection against various hepatotoxins in animal models.
• Cardiovascular system: Anti-hypertensive and smooth muscle relaxant activity documented in preclinical models.
• Infectious disease: Anti-malarial, antibacterial, antifungal activities documented in vitro.
• Integumentary system: Traditional wound healing use; used in Japan specifically for a cutaneous condition (livedo reticularis).
• Oncology (preclinical): Anti-cancerogenic and anti-leukemic activities documented in vitro; no human evidence.

7. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages

In traditional usage, the plants are consumed either dried or fresh, or prepared as decoctions or infusions in water, or as tinctures in alcohol.

In Taiwan, the dried whole plant is processed into capsules, decoctions, and tinctures. In Japan, a traditional remedy known as Kampo-tea is made from dried Bidens pilosa powder included in tea formulations to treat livedo reticularis with summer ulceration.

In the human pilot clinical study, clinical data suggest that B. pilosa at 400 mg, three times daily (ter in die), has no noticeable toxicity. This is the only dose from a peer-reviewed human study available in the current literature.

In preclinical research, cytopiloyne was administered at 25 μg/kg body weight per dose, three times per week by intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection in NOD mice. In a 24-week oral animal toxicity study, B. pilosa at doses of 0%, 0.5%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% of food was investigated in mice.

Although there have been reports of variances pertaining to plant parts, extraction techniques, dosage, and length of usage, toxicological and safety tests typically show minimal toxicity and a positive safety profile at therapeutic levels.

8. Safety, Toxicology, and Notable Interactions

General Safety Profile

Bidens pilosa is an edible Asteraceae plant found worldwide that has traditionally been used as food without noticeable side effects. It has also been used as an herbal medicine to treat over 41 categories of disease in humans and animals. However, no long-term toxicity study of B. pilosa had been conducted in animals prior to a 2020 publication.

In a 24-week oral toxicity study, B. pilosa at doses of 0%, 0.5%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% of food was investigated in mice. Mortality, body weight, organ weight, food intake, water consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, genotoxicity, and organ histopathology of animals of both sexes were analyzed. No significant difference in the above parameters was observed between control and BP-fed mice, except that body weight and food intake in those fed with 10% BP were significantly less than controls. In addition, similar results were seen in chickens fed with BP for 28 days.

In the human pilot clinical study, 90-day administration with the B. pilosa formulation showed no obvious adverse effects. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations recognizes B. pilosa as a staple food. The Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan also allows its use as an ingredient in food for human consumption.

Dose-Dependent Hepatotoxicity Signals

Significant elevation of AST and ALT was observed, especially at dose levels of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg in acute rodent studies, suggesting that B. pilosa aqueous crude leaf extracts are hepatotoxic when taken once at higher doses. This contrasts with the absence of hepatotoxicity at lower or chronic therapeutic-range doses in the animal studies described above, and underscores the importance of dose.

Pregnancy Concerns

A study assessing the safety of aqueous crude leaf extracts of B. pilosa in pregnant rats administered single doses at 1000, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg found that the plant extracts are non-toxic at the low studied dose of 1000 mg/kg when taken only once. However, at higher doses (5000 mg/kg), significant increases in platelets and in liver enzyme parameters AST and ALT were observed, causing severe histopathological effects to the liver, kidney, and gravid uterus. These findings indicate a need for pregnant women to avoid maximum consumption during pregnancy.

In some in vitro and in vivo studies, boiling water extracts of dried leaves of B. pilosa displayed oxytocic/uterotonic and estrogenic/uterotrophic activity. The estrogenic-like and oxytocic-like activities observed could explain the empirical use of Bidens pilosa leaf aqueous extract as a uterotonic preparation to enhance labour, probably due to the presence of biologically active compound(s) which act directly on the uterine muscle. These findings represent a specific, documented concern for use in pregnancy or in contexts where uterine stimulation would be harmful.

Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulation

Bidens pilosa L. is a newly found, promising cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator. Research exploring its hyperaccumulation capacity found that the highest Cd concentration in shoots of B. pilosa grown in soil was 405.91 mg kg⁻¹, and of that cultured in nutrient solution 1651.68 mg kg⁻¹, indicating very high accumulation potential. This herb is known as a hyperaccumulator; therefore, harvesting the herb for medicinal uses should be judiciously cautioned — particularly when sourced from contaminated or industrial soils, where the plant may carry unsafe levels of cadmium or other heavy metals.

Esophageal Cancer Association

In the sub-Sahara, where fresh or dry shoots and young leaves of B. pilosa are sometimes used as human food, these are believed to contribute to the etiology of human esophageal cancer. This association, reported in older epidemiological literature, has not been mechanistically resolved, and the relevant reviews note it as a concern warranting further investigation for populations that consume the plant as a major food source.

Allergenicity

Because B. pilosa belongs to the Asteraceae (daisy) family, individuals with known sensitivity to other members of this family (including ragweed and related plants) may be at increased risk for cross-reactive allergic responses. This is consistent with the general pharmacological literature on Asteraceae-family botanicals.

Interactions

Combination of the B. pilosa formulation with antidiabetic drugs showed better glycemic control in diabetics — indicating a potential additive or synergistic blood-glucose-lowering interaction. In a clinical context, this combination could theoretically increase the risk of hypoglycemia, though the pilot study did not report adverse outcomes from this combination specifically. No other drug interaction data from human studies were identified in the peer-reviewed literature at the time of this writing.

9. Research Limitations and Evidence Summary

A cross-referencing analysis of ethnobotanical and pharmacological records reveals that only 26 (43.33%) of 60 documented traditional applications are supported by 17 verified pharmacological mechanisms. The gap between traditional claims and validated science remains substantial.

The structure and biosynthesis of B. pilosa and its polyynes in relation to their anti-diabetic action and mechanism have been studied, but rigorous efforts are further required to unlock the molecular basis and structure-activity relationship of the polyynes isolated from B. pilosa before their clinical applications.

There is little conclusive evidence that describes the immunomodulatory activity of this plant in human clinical trials, and the same limitation applies to nearly all proposed areas of use: antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer claims have been demonstrated in vitro or in animal models, with little to no controlled human clinical data. The single published human pilot study on diabetes was small (fourteen diabetic subjects), lacked placebo control, and cannot be considered sufficient for clinical recommendations. Bidens pilosa and its compounds are considered highly potent antidiabetic agents that should be graduated to interventional studies for management of diabetes through pre-clinical and clinical trials to elucidate efficacy and safety.

References

• Bartolome AP, Villaseñor IM, Yang WC. Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae): Botanical Properties, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013;2013:340215. PMC3712223
• Chien SC, et al. Chemistry and pharmacology of Bidens pilosa: an overview. Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation. 2016. PMC7099298
• Yang WC. Botanical, Pharmacological, Phytochemical, and Toxicological Aspects of the Antidiabetic Plant Bidens pilosa L. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;2014:698617. PMC3926223
• Lai SL, et al. Bidens pilosa Formulation Improves Blood Homeostasis and β-Cell Function in Men: A Pilot Study. PMC4381681
• Liang YC, et al. Toxicity study of Bidens pilosa in animals. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2020;10(2):150–157. PMC7109477
• Rodríguez-Mesa XM, et al. Immunomodulatory Properties of Natural Extracts and Compounds Derived from Bidens pilosa L.: Literature Review. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(5):1491. PMC10220976
• Systematic Review: Exploring the phytochemical profile, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of Bidens pilosa. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2025. PMC12355053
• Bidens pilosa L. Non-Polar Extract Modulates the Polarization of Human Macrophages and Dendritic Cells into an Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype. PMC10608814
• Frida L, et al. In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) Leaf Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts on Primed-Oestrogenized Rat Uterine Muscle. PMC2816598
• Antioxidant Effects of Aqueous Bidens pilosa in Fructose-Fed Rats. PMC12718473
• Diverse Utilization of Bidens pilosa and Prospects for Sustainable Management. Diversity. 2026;18(6):349. MDPI
• Unraveling the reproductive potential of selected flavonoids in Bidens pilosa: A comprehensive review. ScienceDirect. 2025
• Waititu K, et al. Antidiabetic Properties of Bidens pilosa and Its Polyacetylenic Compounds for Management of Diabetes: Systematic Review. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines. 2024
• Antidiabetic Properties of Bidens pilosa and Its Polyacetylenic Compounds for Management of Diabetes: Systematic Review. University of Birmingham Research Portal
• Hyperaccumulative characteristics of 7 widely distributing weed species in composite family especially Bidens pilosa to heavy metals. PubMed 19143394
• Hyperaccumulating potential of Bidens pilosa L. for Cd and elucidation of its translocation behavior. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017. Springer
• Exploring the mechanism of action of Bidens pilosa L. in combating hepatic fibrosis through network pharmacology and molecular docking. PMC11404917
• Acute Toxicity Assessment of Centella asiatica and Bidens pilosa Aqueous Crude Leaf Extracts in Pregnant Rat Model. Tanzania Journal of Science. 2024
• Pharmacological potential of Bidens pilosa L. and determination of bioactive compounds using UHPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS and GC/MS. PMC5689161
• Deepika JK, Balasubramanian T, Suresha BS. A Comprehensive Review of Bidens Pilosa: Botanical Features, Phytochemical Constituents, Pharmacological Properties, and Safety Profile. Int. J. of Pharm. Sci. 2026;4(1):434–444