Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid found primarily in fish oil and is a major structural component of the brain. Scientific interest in DHA for depression arises from epidemiological studies showing lower rates of depression in populations with higher fish consumption, as well as biological plausibility given DHA’s role in neuronal membrane fluidity and neurotransmitter function. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses have evaluated the effects of omega-3 supplementation (often a combination of DHA and EPA) on depressive symptoms. While some studies report modest benefits, especially in individuals with major depressive disorder or those with low baseline omega-3 status, results are inconsistent and often show small effect sizes. The most recent meta-analyses suggest that EPA may be more effective than DHA in reducing depressive symptoms, and that DHA alone is less consistently beneficial. The American Psychiatric Association notes that omega-3 supplementation may be considered as an adjunctive treatment for depression, but it is not recommended as a standalone therapy. Overall, there is some scientific evidence supporting the use of DHA (often in combination with EPA) for depression, but the effect is generally modest and the quality of evidence is mixed.

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