Omega-3 fatty acids, primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have substantial scientific evidence supporting their role in the management and prevention of arteriosclerosis (also known as atherosclerosis). Clinical and epidemiological studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids can reduce triglyceride levels, decrease inflammation, lower blood pressure slightly, and improve endothelial function, all of which are factors in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.

Multiple randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated that regular intake of omega-3s (either from diet, particularly fatty fish, or from supplements) is associated with reduced progression of arterial plaque formation and a lower risk of major cardiovascular events. For example, the GISSI-Prevenzione trial and the REDUCE-IT trial showed beneficial effects of omega-3 supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes, though results have varied depending on dose, formulation, and patient population.

Mechanistically, omega-3s exert their anti-atherogenic effects by reducing plasma triglycerides, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. While omega-3 supplementation alone is not a cure for arteriosclerosis, it is widely recommended as part of an overall cardiovascular risk-reduction strategy in clinical guidelines.