Synopsis

Osteoporosis is a chronic skeletal condition characterized by reduced bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased fragility and risk of fractures. It is often silent until a fracture occurs, commonly in the hip, spine, or wrist. The condition is most prevalent in older adults, especially postmenopausal women, due to the sharp decline in estrogen, which is vital for maintaining bone density.

Bone loss occurs when bone resorption outpaces bone formation, weakening the internal structure of bones. Over time, this makes them brittle and more likely to break from minor falls or even normal stresses.

Risk factors include:

• Age (especially over 50)

• Female sex, particularly postmenopause

• Family history of osteoporosis

• Low calcium or vitamin D intake

• Sedentary lifestyle

• Smoking, alcohol use

• Corticosteroid use or chronic medical conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease)

Common symptoms and signs:

• Loss of height over time

• Stooped posture or “dowager’s hump”

• Back pain, often from compression fractures

• Sudden fractures from minor trauma

When to see a doctor:
Routine bone density testing (DEXA scans) is recommended for women over 65, men over 70, or earlier in those with risk factors. Diagnosis is based on T-scores and fracture history. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, supplements, and medications like bisphosphonates or hormone therapy.

Variant names

Low bone density
Porous bones
Bone fragility disorder
Senile or postmenopausal osteoporosis