Pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt (PQQ) has been investigated for its effects on mitochondrial function. PQQ is a redox cofactor and antioxidant that has been shown in cell culture and animal studies to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis—the process by which new mitochondria are formed in cells. Several preclinical studies, such as Stites et al. (2006, J Nutr Biochem), have demonstrated that PQQ supplementation increases mitochondrial density and improves mitochondrial function in rodents. Proposed mechanisms include activation of signaling pathways like CREB and PGC-1α, both of which are known regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis.

Human clinical data are limited but suggest potential benefits: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (Harris et al., 2013, J Nutr Biochem) found that PQQ supplementation improved markers of mitochondrial-related metabolism and reduced markers of oxidative stress. However, the evidence is not yet robust, as most studies are small, of short duration, and often funded by supplement manufacturers. There is no significant traditional use of PQQ for mitochondrial health, as it was only identified as a micronutrient in the late 20th century.

In summary, PQQ disodium salt is used to support mitochondrial function based on emerging scientific evidence, but the quality and quantity of human research is still limited. The current evidence supports a moderate (3/5) rating for its role in mitochondrial support pending larger and longer-term human trials.