Health Conditions

Fertility (Women's)

Other NamesAnovulation

Natural Remedies10

Ingredients62

Table of contents

Other Names

AnovulationAssisted Reproductive Technology (ART)Conception DifficultyDifficulty ConceivingDiminished Ovarian Reserve (DOR)FecundityFemale FertilityFemale InfertilityFemale Reproductive HealthFemale Urogenital DiseasesFertility Problems (Women)Genital Diseases, FemaleInability to ConceiveInfertilityInfertility, FemaleOvarian InsufficiencyOvarian Reserve DeclineOvulatory DysfunctionPoor Ovarian ReservePremature Ovarian FailurePremature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)Primary Ovarian InsufficiencyReproductive CapacityReproductive EndocrinologyReproductive Failure (Female)Reproductive MedicineSubfertilityTrying to Conceive (TTC)Women's Reproductive Health

Synopsis

Women's Fertility: A Nutrition and Natural-Health Reference

1. Definition and Overview

Female infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse in women younger than 35, or after 6 months in women older than 35, and represents a major global health concern. The World Health Organization uses nearly identical language: infertility is a disease of the male or female reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.

About 9% of men and about 11% of women of reproductive age in the United States have experienced fertility problems. Many different medical conditions and other factors can contribute to fertility problems, and an individual case may have a single cause, several causes, or — in some cases — no identifiable cause.

A large World Health Organization multi-country study involving 8,500 couples in 25 countries found that infertility was due to female factors alone in 30.6%, both male and female factors in 26.3%, and male factors alone in 18.7% of cases. No cause was found in 10.8% of cases.

2. Body Systems Involved

Reproductive health refers to the condition of male and female reproductive systems during all life stages. These systems are made of organs and hormone-producing glands, including the pituitary gland in the brain. Ovaries in females are reproductive organs, or gonads, that maintain health of their respective systems; they also function as glands because they produce and release hormones.

Ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands located on either side of the uterus; they produce eggs and hormones. The fallopian tubes are narrow tubes attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as pathways for the egg to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization of an egg by sperm normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants into the uterine lining.

The menstrual cycle is driven by a monthly hormonal cycle as the female body prepares an egg for fertilization and possible pregnancy. A woman is born with all of the eggs she will ever have. Each month a woman who is ovulating normally will drop one egg — a process called ovulation. All women who wish to become pregnant need progesterone to help their uterus prepare for and maintain a pregnancy.

Fertility is therefore the product of the coordinated function of multiple systems: the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, which governs the hormonal cascade driving ovulation; the structural integrity of the fallopian tubes and uterus; and the broader metabolic and immune systems, which modulate hormonal signaling, follicular development, and endometrial receptivity.

3. Contributing and Associated Factors

3.1 Ovulatory and Hormonal Disorders

The most common identifiable causes of female infertility include anovulatory and oligo-ovulatory disorders (26.1%), endometriosis (4.8%), pelvic (including uterine) adhesions (14.8%), bilateral tubal blockage (17.7%), acquired tubal abnormalities (11.6%), and hyperprolactinemia (6.7%).

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects between 6 and 20% of reproductive-age women. According to the Rotterdam criteria, the diagnosis of PCOS is made when two out of three criteria are met: oligo- and/or anovulation; clinical and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism; and polycystic ovaries seen on ultrasound. PCOS is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility.

Disorders of the thyroid gland including abnormal thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism) and/or markers of thyroid autoimmunity similarly show a female predominance and onset in younger age groups. Thyroid dysfunction is recognized as an associated factor affecting hormonal balance, menstrual regularity, and ovulatory function.

3.2 Structural and Anatomical Factors

The predominant cause of female infertility is fallopian tube obstruction, while secondary causes include ovulatory disorders related to diminished ovarian reserve, endocrine disruptions, and delayed childbearing. Infections with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae can lead to tubal factor infertility (TFI) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), serving as high-risk factors for female infertility.

3.3 Genetic and Chromosomal Factors

Genetic factors also contribute, with 5–10% of affected women displaying chromosomal anomalies, gene mutations, or polymorphisms. Genetic and chromosomal abnormalities, including Turner syndrome, fragile X premutation, and structural translocations, also play a role in the development of female infertility.

3.4 Lifestyle and Environmental Factors

Additional contributing factors include lifestyle and environmental influences such as obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, each exerting variable effects on reproductive function. Exposure to environmental pollutants and toxins can be directly toxic to gametes (eggs and sperm), resulting in their decreased numbers and poor quality.

Approximately 15% to 30% of female infertility cases remain unexplained despite thorough evaluation and complete diagnostic workup.

3.5 Age

Studies have shown that 40–44 years is the age stage with the heaviest burden of female infertility. Age-related changes in granulosa cells contribute to compromised oocyte quality, diminished follicular support, and a decline in fertility, particularly in women of advanced maternal age.

4. Nutrients Studied in Relation to Women's Fertility

Studies have highlighted the importance of optimal nutrition in maintaining hormonal balance, improving oocyte quality, and supporting endometrial receptivity, all of which are essential for successful conception and pregnancy. Deficiencies in key nutrients have been associated with impaired ovarian function, disrupted menstrual cycles, and increased risk of pregnancy complications.

4.1 Folate (Folic Acid)

The strongest evidence supports folic acid supplementation, which acts as a methyl donor to improve oocyte quality and prevent neural tube defects. The WHO strongly recommends all women of reproductive age take a daily 400 mcg of folic acid, in addition to consuming food with folate from a varied diet, in order to prevent neural tube defects. Periconceptional use of folic acid has also been shown to reduce the incidence of non-neural-tube-defect birth defects including cleft palates, upper limb reduction deficits, and genitourinary defects.

Evidence strength: Strong for neural tube defect prevention; the role of folate in broader fertility outcomes (beyond preventing defects) is considered promising but requires further large-scale trials.

4.2 Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 PUFAs are essential for oocyte membrane composition and successful fertilization. Lower omega-3 intake is linked to reduced fecundability and higher estradiol levels, while higher DHA intake is associated with lower anovulation risk and increased estradiol levels. These fatty acids also promote the production of anti-inflammatory prostaglandins, which are beneficial for reproductive function.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most abundant omega-3 PUFA in follicular fluid, has been linked to better reproductive outcomes. However, studies on the relationship between omega-3 PUFA levels and assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes are mixed. Some show positive correlations with clinical pregnancy and live birth rates, while others do not, possibly due to differences in body mass index (BMI) among study populations.

A 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis found that omega-3 intake significantly improves women's pregnancy and fertilization rates; however, the high heterogeneity in this review somewhat limits its interpretation, and further prospective randomized studies are necessary to better understand this relationship.

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids appear to improve female fertility, although it remains unclear to what extent contamination of shared food sources, such as fish with high levels of environmental toxicants, can dampen this benefit.

Evidence strength: Preliminary to moderate; multiple systematic reviews suggest benefit, but heterogeneity across studies limits firm conclusions.

4.3 Vitamin D

Vitamin D influences ovarian follicular development, glucose regulation, and insulin sensitivity. When combined with metformin therapy, it is associated with improved menstrual regularity and ovulation. Vitamin D deficiency might be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in PCOS patients.

An umbrella review published in PMC found that vitamin D increased clinical pregnancy rates in women with PCOS and/or undergoing medically assisted reproduction compared to placebo, standard or no treatment, with an odds ratio of 1.49, but with very low certainty evidence. Vitamin D did not increase biochemical pregnancy rates in women utilizing medically assisted reproduction, also with very low certainty evidence.

Evidence strength: Promising for PCOS-related fertility; overall certainty of evidence remains very low, and a clear supplementation threshold for fertility outcomes has not been established.

4.4 Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

Increased oxidative stress has been identified as a pathogenetic mechanism in female infertility. By regulating oxidative stress and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), CoQ10 improves oocyte quality, ovarian function, and mitochondrial efficiency. Clinical studies demonstrate that CoQ10 supplementation enhances ovarian function, increases the number of eggs, and improves the quality of embryos, particularly in women with weak ovarian reserve functions or older age.

CoQ10 improves oocyte quality, especially in women over 35 years old. Live birth rates may be influenced by nutrient supplementation, with coenzyme Q10 and vitamin D showing promise. Medication with CoQ10 may have some merit, although it is unclear whether its place is for older women, for those with a poor response to ovarian stimulation, or for poor embryonic development.

Evidence strength: Preliminary to moderate; based on small randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses. Most robust data are in older women and poor ovarian responders, with the optimal dose still unclear.

4.5 Myo-Inositol and D-Chiro-Inositol

Inositol is crucial for cellular signaling, energy metabolism, glucose regulation, and fertility. Myo-inositol has demonstrated 85% effectiveness in restoring ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in a narrative review of literature spanning 2012–2025. For women with PCOS, there may be a benefit to the use of myo-inositol, although the dosing regimen remains unclear.

The articles reviewed suggest that vitamin D and inositol, particularly myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol, may represent therapeutic options for PCOS.

Evidence strength: Moderate for ovulatory function in PCOS. Myo-inositol is among the most studied nutritional interventions in this population, though head-to-head comparisons and optimal ratios (myo- to D-chiro-inositol) remain under investigation.

4.6 Iron

Analysis of research spanning from 2000 to April 2024 highlights the impact of key micronutrients such as folate, vitamin D, iron, selenium, and antioxidants on fertility outcomes. Deficiencies in these nutrients have been associated with impaired ovarian function, disrupted menstrual cycles, and increased risk of pregnancy complications. Iron is a component of the "fertility diet" described in the Nurses' Health Study, where higher intake of non-heme (plant-sourced) iron was associated with lower risk of ovulatory infertility (see section 6).

Evidence strength: Observational data from large prospective cohorts support a role for dietary iron; RCT-level evidence specifically isolating iron's effect on female fertility is limited.

4.7 Antioxidants (Vitamins C and E, Selenium, N-Acetylcysteine)

Antioxidants have shown potential benefits, yet conflicting results exist. Miscarriage rates may be reduced with antioxidants, although more research is needed for definitive conclusions.

N-acetylcysteine (NAC), vitamin D, and pooled antioxidants had no effect on miscarriage rates or multiple pregnancy rates in women trying to conceive spontaneously or utilizing medically assisted reproduction, with low to very low certainty evidence. Pooled antioxidants had no effect on ectopic pregnancy rates, also with low certainty evidence.

Antioxidant supplementation does not appear to offer any benefits to women undergoing infertility treatment, but it appears to be beneficial when it is the male partner who is supplemented. However, the available evidence does not allow discerning which specific antioxidants, or at which doses, are responsible for this benefit.

Evidence strength: Weak to mixed for women specifically. NAC shows some promise in PCOS-related infertility from smaller trials; umbrella reviews classify pooled antioxidants as having no consistent effect on key fertility endpoints in women with low certainty evidence.

4.8 Melatonin

There appears a benefit for some IVF outcomes for the use of melatonin, although it is unclear what group of patients would derive the benefit and the appropriate dosing regimen. Melatonin increased clinical pregnancy rates in women with PCOS and/or undergoing medically assisted reproduction compared to placebo with an odds ratio of 1.66, but with very low certainty evidence.

Evidence strength: Preliminary; small RCTs and low certainty in systematic reviews. Melatonin's antioxidant properties within follicular fluid are hypothesized as the mechanism of action.

4.9 L-Carnitine

L-carnitine increased clinical pregnancy rates in women with PCOS and/or undergoing medically assisted reproduction compared to placebo with an odds ratio of 11.14, but with very low certainty evidence. The available evidence on L-carnitine suggests that it is safe and well tolerated.

Evidence strength: Preliminary; a large odds ratio from a small evidence base with very low certainty should be interpreted with caution.

4.10 Overall Supplementation — Evidence Summary

The available evidence is insufficient to recommend nutrient supplementation to improve female infertility in women trying to conceive naturally and those utilizing medically assisted reproduction. Nevertheless, many of the studied interventions are of relatively low risk and may provide additional benefits to individuals with infertility, such as addressing deficiencies and increasing antioxidant levels.

5. Herbal and Plant-Based Ingredients

5.1 Vitex agnus-castus (Chasteberry)

Traditional Use: Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste tree; chasteberry) is a popular herbal treatment, predominantly used for a range of female reproductive conditions in Anglo-American and European practice. Vitex agnus-castus is aboriginal to the Mediterranean region and has historically been used to address menstrual irregularities, luteal phase deficiency, and related fertility concerns.

Scientific Evidence: The objective of a systematic review by Van Die et al. (published in Planta Medica, 2013) was to evaluate the evidence for the efficacy and safety of Vitex extracts from randomized, controlled trials investigating women's health; eight databases were searched and methodological quality was assessed according to the Cochrane risk of bias and Jadad scales. Thirteen randomized controlled trials were identified. Of these, twelve were included in the review, of which eight investigated premenstrual syndrome, two premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and two latent hyperprolactinemia.

Vitex agnus-castus shows prospects concerning the treatment of infertility disorders and has traditional use in the treatment of myoma and certain infertility-related issues. In a double-blind RCT published in PubMed, consumption of V. agnus-castus during 16 weeks was more effective than placebo in improving sexual dysfunction, although the authors noted that further studies with larger sample sizes are needed.

Evidence strength: Moderate for PMS and latent hyperprolactinemia (based on multiple RCTs); limited and preliminary for direct fertility outcomes such as pregnancy rates. The herb is recognized in European phytomedicine traditions and referenced in German Commission E monographs.

5.2 Maca (Lepidium meyenii)

Traditional Use: Maca has been used for centuries in the Andes to enhance fertility in humans and animals. At the end of the 17th century, Ruiz reported that women who could not conceive consumed this plant to treat their infertility. Later publications reported its use as a tonic for postmenopausal women and those trying to conceive.

Scientific Evidence: Clinical studies, primarily focused on sexual health, indicate improved sexual desire, erectile function, and subjective wellbeing in men. Maca also shows promise in alleviating menopausal symptoms in women and enhancing physical performance.

Studies reported in the peer-reviewed scientific literature about the effects of this native plant in the female reproductive system are scarce. The only scientific evidence reported showed that maca did not modify the rate of implantation. A 2010 systematic review of RCTs on maca and sexual function, published in BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, found four RCTs meeting inclusion criteria, with evidence suggesting benefit for sexual desire but limited fertility-specific data in women. Maca shows promise in alleviating menopausal symptoms in women, and further research is essential to uncover the mechanisms and clinical applications of maca's unique bioactive metabolites.

Evidence strength: Weak to preliminary for female fertility specifically. Most human clinical evidence pertains to sexual function and menopausal symptoms rather than conception rates. Animal data are more supportive but cannot be directly extrapolated to humans.

5.3 Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)

Traditional Use: Red clover has been used in Western herbal traditions as a source of phytoestrogens (isoflavones) and has been employed for menstrual support and menopausal symptoms.

Scientific Evidence: Research is mainly focused on menopausal symptoms and bone density. Its phytoestrogenic isoflavones (formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein, and genistein) have been studied for their interaction with estrogen receptors, but high-quality RCT-level evidence for fertility outcomes in reproductive-age women is limited. The interplay between herbal supplements and fertility presents a complex landscape, with potential benefits and risks.

Evidence strength: Insufficient at this time for female fertility specifically. Evidence is primarily from in-vitro, animal, and menopausal studies.

5.4 Combined Herbal Formulas

A multicenter prospective study published in Maedica (2019) enrolled 189 women and investigated a patented blend of Vitex agnus-castus extract, Lepidium meyenii (Maca) extract, and active folate, alone or with a gel capsule of vitamins, minerals, oligoelements, plus DHA and EPA omega-3 fatty acids. The study results show an overall success rate of 37%, which may be explained by summing up the treatment taken by couples, ovulation monitoring, and constant sexual intercourse. This uncontrolled design limits the ability to attribute outcomes to the supplement alone.

6. Dietary Patterns and Female Fertility

6.1 The "Fertility Diet" — Nurses' Health Study

In the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) II, a large prospective cohort, women who had the highest intake of a "fertility diet" comprised of plant protein from vegetable sources, full-fat dairy foods, iron, and monounsaturated fats during the preconception period were found to have a 66% (95% CI, 52–77%) lower risk of infertility related to ovulatory disorders and a 27% (95% CI, 5–43%) lower risk of infertility due to other causes, compared to women with the lowest intake of this dietary pattern, controlling for age, BMI, alcohol intake, coffee intake, smoking, and oral contraceptive use.

In a cohort study that included 18,555 women, it was found that consuming 5% of total energy intake as plant protein instead of animal protein was associated with a significantly reduced risk of ovulatory infertility (p = 0.007).

6.2 Mediterranean Dietary Pattern

While there is no single proven "fertility diet," the Mediterranean diet is one dietary pattern with evidence for its fertility benefits. A study conducted in Spain concluded that among women attempting to conceive naturally, a high adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) was associated with a shorter time to conception. The MD is characterized by a high intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts, with moderate consumption of fish and poultry, and low intake of red meat and dairy products.

Specifically, the Mediterranean diet seems to have a positive influence on fertility, while the Western diet and Westernized diets seem to have a negative influence on fertility. Summarizing the results, a diet rich in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, animal proteins, and carbohydrates with a high glycemic index is strictly correlated with male and female infertility. On the contrary, a diet rich in plant proteins, vegetables, fruits, and antioxidants (carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, flavonoids, and polyphenols) may improve fertility.

Data suggest that following a generally healthy diet is associated with improved female fertility, whether by adherence to low inflammatory potential diets, Mediterranean-style dietary patterns, or national dietary guidelines. These findings suggest that general, guideline-based healthy eating can support female fertility and may offer a flexible alternative to more prescriptive dietary approaches.

6.3 Glycemic Load and Carbohydrate Quality

The Nurses' Health Study found that the total amount of carbohydrates women consumed did not make a difference in terms of fertility. But women who consumed primarily simple and refined carbohydrates — a diet with a high glycemic load — were at greater risk of not ovulating than were women whose diets registered a lower glycemic load. These women were described as having a greater risk of ovulatory infertility. Women who ate mostly foods with a low glycemic load were at a lower risk of ovulation problems. This may have to do with increased insulin resistance and its effects on reproductive hormones.

6.4 Protein Sources

Adherence to healthy diets favoring seafood, poultry, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables are related to better fertility in women and better semen quality in men. Higher red meat consumption is significantly associated with an increased risk of infertility.

7. Lifestyle Factors

7.1 Body Weight and BMI

Lifestyle counseling, including smoking cessation, weight management to maintain a BMI of 19 to 25, and advising patients against excessive alcohol consumption or use of illicit drugs, can preserve fertility and reduce the incidence of female infertility.

Women with a BMI greater than 30 kg/m² (classified as obese) have a clinically and statistically significant decreased probability of live birth following IVF, compared with women of healthy weight (BMI of 18.5–24.9 kg/m²). Extensive evidence suggests that weight reduction can improve health and fertility issues in obese women with PCOS. A weight loss of even 5–10% leads to improvement in endocrine-metabolic characteristics, menstrual cyclicity, and fertility.

7.2 Physical Activity

Appropriate exercise is necessary, which can improve hormone levels, menstrual cycle, and ovulation function of women. A variety of lifestyle factors can have substantial effects on fertility, including caffeine, psychological stress, alcohol consumption, smoking, and an extremely low or high BMI. Many studies have confirmed that lifestyle factors can affect fertility, although there are conflicting conclusions relating to the effects of physical activity and sleep duration on fertility.

7.3 Smoking

Currently, the most consistent evidence of a detrimental effect of smoke on specific domains of the female reproductive function is provided by experimental studies in animals. Overall, clinical studies suggest that smoking is associated with decreased fertility, although causal inference should be further demonstrated. The negative effects of smoking on female fertility have raised much interest in recent years, although most of the evidence is gathered from retrospective studies.

7.4 Alcohol

When women consumed more than 84 g of alcohol per week, their chance of achieving pregnancy after treatment was reduced (compared to abstainers). Studies addressing the effect of alcohol consumption on female fertility provide conflicting results, although the majority reported lack of a correlation. Thus, the evidence, while pointing toward harm at higher consumption levels, is not entirely consistent across the literature.

7.5 Caffeine

Moderate caffeine consumption (less than 300 mg/day) did not affect fecundity, fertility, pregnancy rate, or live birth rate. However, high consumption (more than 300 mg/day) reduced fecundity and pregnancy rate. Evidence also suggests that caffeine intake has a potential dose-response association with a longer time to conception.

7.6 Sleep

Sleep deprivation is becoming a common health problem in modern society; a growing number of studies have shown an association between insufficient sleep and decreased fertility. The mechanism by which sleep duration can act on the reproductive system is closely related to circadian rhythm.

7.7 Psychological Stress

Psychological stress is among the lifestyle factors that can have substantial effects on fertility. Infertile people can take non-medical actions, such as maintaining healthy body weight and lifestyle habits, to improve their chance of conception, spontaneously or following ART. The evidence base for stress specifically as a modifiable fertility factor remains primarily observational and mechanistic.

7.8 Environmental Toxins and Endocrine Disruptors

Environmental influences, endocrine dysfunctions, and hormonal imbalances explain a considerable portion of infertility cases. Exposure to environmental pollutants and toxins can be directly toxic to gametes (eggs and sperm), resulting in their decreased numbers and poor quality.

References

Natural Remedies

Remedy 1

Chasteberry (Vitex) Tea or Tincture: Chasteberry is one of the most widely used herbs for women's reproductive health, traditionally known to help balance hormones and support regular ovulation by elevating progesterone levels during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Take as a daily tincture or capsule (not during pregnancy) and consult a knowledgeable herbalist or healthcare provider for appropriate dosing.

Remedy 2

Red Raspberry Leaf Tea: Red raspberry leaves are rich in tannins that help ease uterine inflammation, which can interfere with conception, and are traditionally said to support progesterone levels to encourage embryo implantation. Steep 1–2 teaspoons of dried leaves in hot water for 10–15 minutes and drink 1–2 cups daily during the pre-ovulatory phase.

Remedy 3

Maca Root Supplementation: Maca is an adaptogenic root vegetable long used in natural health practice to support hormonal balance and reproductive vitality; it may also encourage regular follicle maturation in women who do not ovulate consistently. Add maca powder to smoothies, oatmeal, or warm drinks daily, starting with a small amount (½–1 teaspoon) and gradually increasing.

Remedy 4

Ashwagandha for Stress and Hormone Balance: Ashwagandha is a revered adaptogenic herb used for centuries to help regulate hormone levels, reduce stress-related disruptions to the reproductive system, and provide antioxidant support for egg health. Take as a capsule, powder in warm milk (golden milk-style), or tincture daily, under guidance from a qualified herbalist or practitioner.

Remedy 5

Antioxidant-Rich Whole Foods Diet: A diet rich in leafy greens, colorful vegetables, berries, nuts, and seeds provides key micronutrients like folate, vitamin C, and vitamin E that support healthy egg quality and optimal reproductive function. Prioritize whole, minimally processed foods and include healthy fats such as avocado, olive oil, and oily fish to support hormone production.

Remedy 6

Evening Primrose Oil (Pre-Ovulation): Evening primrose oil (EPO) is valued in natural health practice for its omega-6 fatty acids, which support healthy cervical mucus quality and quantity—helping sperm reach the egg—and may also aid in overall hormone balance. Use only during the follicular phase (from menstruation until ovulation) and discontinue after ovulation; consult a healthcare provider before use.

Remedy 7

Red Clover Infusion: Red clover is naturally rich in phytoestrogens and nutrients that can help balance estrogen levels and support overall reproductive health, and has a long history of use as a women's fertility herb. Steep 1–2 teaspoons of dried red clover blossoms in hot water for 15 minutes and drink as a daily tea during the preconception period.

Remedy 8

Stress Reduction and Mindful Movement: Chronic stress disrupts hormonal balance and can impair ovulation, making stress management a foundational pillar of natural fertility support. Incorporate daily practices such as yoga, gentle walking, breathwork, or meditation for at least 20–30 minutes to regulate the nervous system and support a healthier hormonal environment.

Remedy 9

Prioritize Sleep and Circadian Rhythm: Adequate, quality sleep is essential for the regulation of reproductive hormones including those that govern the menstrual cycle and ovulation. Aim for 7–9 hours of sleep per night, maintain a consistent sleep-wake schedule, and reduce blue light exposure in the evening to support healthy melatonin and cortisol rhythms.

Remedy 10

Cinnamon for Insulin and Cycle Regulation: Cinnamon is a warming culinary spice with a well-established role in natural health for lowering insulin resistance, which is directly associated with conditions like PCOS that can impair female fertility. Stir ½–1 teaspoon of true (Ceylon) cinnamon into oatmeal, teas, smoothies, or warm water daily as a simple dietary addition to support cycle regularity.

Ingredients

These ingredients are often used in alternative medicine to support fertility (women's).

ALA (alpha-lipoic acid)Scientific
Alpha-lipoic acid is a mitochondrial antioxidant studied in combination with myo-inositol and folic acid in infertile women with obesity undergoing IVF. An RCT in 23 women found this combination normalized pregnancy rates to those of normal-weight women undergoing IVF. It reduces oxidative stress relevant to oocyte quality.
ashwagandhaScientific
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is the most clinically validated adaptogen for HPA axis dysregulation. By reducing cortisol and stress-mediated hormonal disruption, it supports menstrual regularity and ovulation. It is used in Ayurveda for female reproductive vitality and emerging clinical studies show benefits in stress-related hormonal imbalance affecting fertility.
astaxanthinScientific
A 2023 triple-blind RCT in women with endometriosis undergoing ART showed ASX reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and improved reproductive outcomes. In PCOS, a 60-day treatment modulated ER stress in granulosa cells. A 2025 systematic review confirmed ASX downregulated ER stress-related apoptotic pathways and improved oocyte and embryo quality in women with PCOS or endometriosis.
barrenwortScientific
Epimedium promotes estrogen production in ovarian granulosa cells and has been studied for premature ovarian failure (POF) in animal models, where it restores ovarian function via PI3K/AKT signaling. Preclinical evidence also suggests ICA reduces inflammatory signaling (NF-κB) involved in spontaneous abortion. Traditional TCM use includes female reproductive deficiency and menstrual irregularities.
berberineScientific
Berberine has been evaluated in multiple RCTs for improving fertility outcomes in women with PCOS, primarily by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing androgen levels. Meta-analyses show significant improvements in ovulation rate, endometrial thickness, and clinical pregnancy rate when combined with conventional treatment.
black cohoshScientific
Black cohosh (Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa) has demonstrated fertility-relevant effects in women with PCOS: a systematic review of 15 clinical studies including 8 RCTs found evidence for ovulation regulation and improved fertility outcomes. Combined with clomiphene, it improved pregnancy rates (43.3% vs. 20.3%) versus clomiphene alone in PCOS.
bovine liverScientific
Bovine liver provides folate, B12, heme iron, vitamin A, zinc, and choline — nutrients essential for female reproductive health, ovulation, implantation, and prevention of nutrient depletion associated with oral contraceptive use. Folate is a WHO-recognized essential prenatal nutrient. Iron deficiency impairs ovulatory function.
chaste treeScientific
Multiple RCTs document improved pregnancy rates and normalized luteal-phase hormones in women with fertility disorders treated with Vitex. A widely cited placebo-controlled trial (Mastodynon preparation) found superior outcomes in amenorrhea and luteal insufficiency vs. placebo. The mechanism involves prolactin reduction and LH-driven progesterone restoration.
cholineScientific
Choline is an essential nutrient for one-carbon metabolism, oocyte development, and fetal neural tube formation. Choline deficiency is associated with impaired ovarian function; it is included in NHANES infertility nutrient gap analyses and multi-micronutrient fertility formulations. Adequate intake is recommended periconceptionally.
CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10)Scientific
Multiple RCTs and meta-analyses show CoQ10 supplementation increases clinical pregnancy rates in infertile women undergoing ART, with one meta-analysis (5 RCTs) reporting 28.8% vs. 14.1% clinical pregnancy rate vs. placebo (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.30–4.59). It reduces reactive oxygen species in oocytes and supports mitochondrial energy production. Evidence is strongest in women with diminished ovarian reserve or poor ovarian response.
d-alpha tocopherolScientific
D-alpha tocopherol has been studied for its effects on endometrial thickness, uterine blood flow, and implantation support in women undergoing assisted reproduction. Pilot studies show improvements in endometrial receptivity with vitamin E, particularly in women with thin endometrium.
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)Scientific
DHA is a key omega-3 fatty acid found in follicular fluid and oocyte membranes; higher follicular DHA correlates with improved oocyte and embryo quality. Studies in ART populations show DHA supplementation supports oocyte maturation and embryo development, and it is a standard component of fertility-oriented omega-3 supplements.
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)Scientific
DHEA supplementation has been studied in women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) undergoing assisted reproductive technology. Clinical studies report improvements in AMH levels, follicular development, and pregnancy rates in DOR patients treated with DHEA prior to IUI or IVF. Evidence is promising but limited by small samples and lack of controls in some studies.
dodderScientific
Cuscuta chinensis is documented as the most commonly prescribed herb for female infertility in TCM, used for menstrual disorders, recurrent miscarriage, polycystic ovary syndrome, and thin uterine lining. Pharmacological research confirms estrogen-like effects and increased LH receptor binding in ovarian tissue. A cohort study showed that 96.17% of infertile Taiwanese women seeking TCM received Cuscutae Semen.
EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate)Scientific
EGCG has been shown to improve oocyte maturation quality and developmental capacity in vitro, support ovarian function, and reduce oxidative stress in female reproductive tissues. Preclinical evidence also suggests benefits for pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia via the eNOS/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)Scientific
EPA is an omega-3 fatty acid with anti-inflammatory and steroidogenic effects relevant to female fertility. Granulosa cell studies show EPA increases IGF-1 and reduces pro-inflammatory COX-2, supporting follicular development. EPA supplementation is associated with improved hormonal markers including reduced FSH in women with poor ovarian reserve.
fenugreekScientific
Fenugreek extract has shown potential to improve female fertility markers in the context of PCOS by modulating LH and FSH levels, reducing cyst size, and normalizing menstrual cycles in clinical research. Its phytoestrogenic compounds may support ovarian hormone balance relevant to fertility.
fisetinScientific
Preclinical studies show fisetin supports ovarian function by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular senescence in the ovary. It modulates ovarian aging pathways and hormonal balance. A 2026 Johns Hopkins review identifies its relevance to female fertility in preclinical contexts.
fish oilScientific
Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil may improve female fertility outcomes including egg quality, embryo morphology, endometrial receptivity, and IVF success rates. A 2024 meta-analysis of 13 studies involving over 4,000 women found omega-3 intake was associated with higher fertilization and pregnancy rates in both natural conception and ART contexts.
folic acidScientific
Folic acid (vitamin B9) is the most firmly established periconception supplement. Higher folate intake is associated with lower risk of anovulation and ovulatory infertility, shorter time to pregnancy, and greater success with infertility treatment. US and global guidelines recommend 400–800 mcg/day for all women of reproductive age.
inositolScientific
Myo-inositol, alone or combined with melatonin, improves oocyte quality, hormonal balance, and IVF pregnancy rates in women with PCOS and poor ovarian response. Multiple RCTs show benefits in insulin signaling, ovulation induction, and embryo development. An umbrella review reported a relative risk of 1.52 for clinical pregnancy rates versus placebo.
ironScientific
Iron deficiency is linked to ovulatory infertility. A long-term study of more than 18,000 women (Nurses' Health Study) found supplemental iron intake was associated with decreased risk of ovulatory infertility. Deficiency impairs ovarian oxygen delivery, disrupting ovulation. Supplementation benefits women with confirmed deficiency.
l-carnitineScientific
L-carnitine facilitates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in oocytes and is among the supplements showing increased clinical pregnancy rates (OR 11.14) in women with PCOS undergoing MAR in meta-analyses, though evidence certainty is very low. It may also support endometrial blood flow.
L-cysteineScientific
NAC has been tested in RCTs for female infertility, notably in PCOS, where it has been shown to improve ovulation and pregnancy rates, partly by reducing insulin resistance and oxidative stress. A double-blind RCT of 150 women with clomiphene-resistant PCOS found that NAC added to clomiphene significantly increased both ovulation and pregnancy rates.
lactobacillus crispatusScientific
Vaginal dominance by L. crispatus is associated with favorable gestational outcomes, including lower rates of preterm birth. A North Carolina cohort study (n=824 women) found high L. crispatus abundance significantly reduced preterm birth risk. A longitudinal Japanese cohort (Nature Communications, 2025) confirmed early-pregnancy L. crispatus dominance correlated with favorable gestational parameters. Depletion of vaginal L. crispatus is linked to spontaneous preterm birth, prompting active clinical trials of L. crispatus supplementation in high-risk pregnancies.
macaScientific
Maca (Lepidium meyenii/peruvianum) has been used for centuries in the Andes for fertility. Clinical evidence shows it modulates the HPA axis to support hormonal balance, improve FSH levels, and support menstrual regularity. Combined with Vitex and folate in a 189-woman uncontrolled trial, a 37% pregnancy rate was achieved.
magnesiumScientific
Magnesium is an essential cofactor for hundreds of enzymatic reactions and plays a role in insulin sensitivity and hormone regulation. In PCOS, magnesium co-supplementation (with zinc, calcium, vitamin D) improves insulin sensitivity, CRP, lipid profiles, and glucose metabolism relevant to fertility. Magnesium gaps are documented in infertile women.
maitake mushroomScientific
A published randomized open trial in 80 women with PCOS found maitake SX-fraction (MSX) induced ovulation in 76.9% of treated women, comparable to clomiphene citrate (93.5%). Combination therapy of MSX plus clomiphene further rescued ovulation in women who failed monotherapy with either agent alone. Evidence is limited to this single industry-affiliated trial.
manganeseScientific
Manganese is listed by the NIH ODS as involved in reproduction, and peer-reviewed mineral-fertility reviews identify it as contributing to hormonal regulation, ovarian function, and protection against oxidative-stress-driven infertility. Direct clinical trial evidence for supplementation improving fertility outcomes is lacking.
melatoninScientific
Melatonin, a potent free-radical scavenger concentrated in follicular fluid, improves oocyte and embryo quality when combined with myo-inositol or vitamin D in IVF settings. Clinical trials show benefits in clinical pregnancy rates. Women with PCOS have lower follicular melatonin, and supplementation partially corrects this deficit.
NAC (N-acetyl cysteine)Scientific
NAC, a precursor to glutathione, has shown clinical benefit for fertility in women with PCOS. A 2015 meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (n=910) found women receiving NAC had three times higher odds of pregnancy and live birth compared to placebo. Evidence is primarily in PCOS-related infertility at doses of 1200–1800 mg/day.
NMN (β-nicotinamide mononucleotide)Scientific
Animal studies show NMN restores ovarian NAD+ levels, prevents ovarian atrophy, improves oocyte quality and quantity, and reduces ovarian inflammation in aging mice. A retrospective clinical analysis in women with diminished ovarian reserve showed NMN pretreatment significantly improved follicle size, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates compared to controls.
nut grassScientific
C. rotundus extracts have been shown to significantly upregulate expression of LIF-mediated integrins (αVβ3 and αVβ5) in endometrial cells, which are essential for trophoblast attachment and blastocyst implantation. Modern studies suggest improved pregnancy rates with C. rotundus. This is supported by mechanistic cell-based evidence.
omega-3 fatty acidsScientific
Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) support fertility through hormonal balance, anti-inflammatory effects, and improved oocyte quality. A meta-analysis confirmed significantly improved pregnancy and fertilization rates in women. An observational study found omega-3 supplement use was associated with approximately twice the probability of conception.
progesteroneScientific
Progesterone is essential for embryo implantation and early pregnancy maintenance, and luteal phase deficiency is a recognized treatable cause of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss. Vaginal and oral progesterone are standard-of-care luteal phase support in IVF. A 2017 Cochrane-linked meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (n=913) found progesterone supplementation reduced miscarriage incidence from 21.7% to 13.0% in threatened miscarriage.
royal jellyScientific
One published clinical report found higher pregnancy rates in women using intravaginal RJ plus honey versus conventional insemination. Animal data show RJ supports follicular development and normalizes reproductive hormones. RJ's phytoestrogenic and antioxidant properties provide mechanistic support. Robust placebo-controlled RCT evidence in women is absent.
seleniumScientific
Selenium is a trace mineral critical for antioxidant defense via glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Low serum and follicular selenium levels are associated with higher infertility occurrence. A double-blind RCT of antioxidant supplementation including selenium improved viable pregnancy rates in women undergoing ICSI.
tribulusScientific
Limited clinical and preclinical evidence supports tribulus for improving ovulatory function and follicular development, particularly in women with oligo/anovulatory infertility and PCOS. A small number of clinical trials and animal studies show TT promotes FSH-dependent follicle development and ovulation.
tribulus terrestrisScientific
Tribulus terrestris has been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine for reproductive health. Clinical trials show its steroidal saponins (protodioscin) stimulate LH and FSH, improving ovulation in women with anovulatory cycles. One clinical trial found ovulation induction equivalent to clomiphene (60% vs. 47%) in oligo/anovulatory infertility.
ubiquinolScientific
Clinical evidence supports CoQ10/ubiquinol's role in improving oocyte quality, ovarian response, and IVF outcomes, particularly in women of advanced reproductive age or with diminished ovarian reserve. Ubiquinol supports mitochondrial energy supply critical for oocyte maturation and fertilization. Evidence from IVF-setting RCTs and a 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis confirms benefits for poor ovarian responders.
vitamin B12Scientific
Low vitamin B12 status is associated with reduced embryo quality, impaired oocyte competence, and lower clinical pregnancy rates in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART). B12 deficiency elevates homocysteine, which is associated with infertility. A retrospective ART study found that B12 supplementation was linked to higher likelihood of clinical pregnancy and live birth.
vitamin B9 (folate)Scientific
Folate (naturally occurring vitamin B9) supports ovulatory function and early embryo development. Higher intake correlates with reduced anovulation risk, shorter time to pregnancy, and better ART outcomes in observational and RCT evidence. The standard preconception recommendation is 400–800 mcg/day.
vitamin B9 (methylfolate/5-MTHF)Scientific
5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) is the bioactive form of folate. In women with MTHFR gene variants (affecting 25–60% of the population), it bypasses impaired folic acid conversion, reducing homocysteine accumulation associated with recurrent pregnancy loss and supporting ovulatory function.
vitamin CScientific
Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant present in high concentrations in follicular fluid, protecting oocytes from oxidative damage. It is studied as part of antioxidant supplement combinations for female fertility, particularly in ART populations. Deficiency is associated with impaired ovarian function.
vitamin DScientific
Low vitamin D levels are associated with reduced oocyte quality, impaired ovarian reserve, and poorer IVF outcomes. Multiple systematic reviews document that vitamin D supplementation is among the interventions increasing clinical pregnancy rates in infertile women. Evidence is strongest in vitamin D-deficient women undergoing ART.
vitamin D3Scientific
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the most bioavailable supplemental form of vitamin D. Low vitamin D3 is associated with impaired oocyte quality, reduced ovarian reserve, and poorer IVF outcomes. An RCT combining vitamin D3 with myo-inositol, folic acid, and melatonin significantly improved IVF clinical pregnancy rates (42% vs. 24%).
vitamin EScientific
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects oocyte membranes from oxidative damage. In PCOS, it is combined with other antioxidants and micronutrients to improve hormonal profiles and fertility outcomes. Co-supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids or magnesium had optimal effects on hormonal profiles and glycemic indices.
vitex agnus-castusScientific
Vitex agnus-castus (chasteberry/chaste tree) acts on the pituitary to reduce prolactin and extend the luteal phase, supporting fertility in women with hyperprolactinaemia and luteal phase defects. A clinical trial of 96 women with fertility disorders found pregnancy occurred more than twice as often in the chasteberry group than placebo over 3 months.
zincScientific
Zinc is essential for ovulation, follicular development, and oocyte maturation. Zinc deficiency impairs ovulation; co-supplementation studies (zinc with magnesium, calcium, vitamin D/E) show improvements in insulin sensitivity and hormonal profiles in PCOS. Zinc is included in international fertility nutrition recommendations.
asparagusTraditional
Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari), a species of asparagus, is the central female reproductive herb in Ayurvedic medicine, traditionally used for fertility, menstrual irregularity, and reproductive vitality. Its steroidal saponins (shatavarins) have phytoestrogenic activity. Preliminary clinical data shows improvements in serum estradiol and FSH balance.
damianaTraditional
Damiana has a documented traditional use in Latin American medicine for menstrual and reproductive disorders, including fertility support. It is listed in ethnobotanical records from the Dominican Republic for women's health conditions. No clinical studies on fertility outcomes have been conducted.
dong quaiTraditional
Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis) is a foundational herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine used for thousands of years to regulate menstrual cycles, address blood deficiency (xue xu), and support uterine tone in women with menstrual irregularities and fertility concerns. Scientific evidence in humans is limited; most support is traditional.
morindaTraditional
Morinda officinalis has been used in TCM for centuries to treat women's reproductive conditions including infertility, menstrual irregularities, and uterine coldness, framed as 'kidney-yang deficiency.' It appears as an ingredient in traditional TCM polyherbal formulas for PCOS-related infertility, though standalone clinical evidence is limited.
mugwortTraditional
In TCM, mugwort ('Ai Ye') is specifically used for cold-type infertility combined with kidney yang tonics, and moxibustion at BL 67 is used for uterine positioning to support fertility. The plant's estrogenic and uterotonic properties support this traditional use. No human clinical fertility trials with oral mugwort exist.
PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid)Traditional
PABA has been used historically for female infertility, reportedly by enhancing estrogenic activity. A 1942 uncontrolled case series by Sieve reported that 16 women with fertility problems who took 100 mg four times daily for 3–7 months had a 75% pregnancy rate. No rigorous controlled trials have replicated or followed up on this finding.
partheniumTraditional
Infertility is explicitly listed as a traditional indication for feverfew in authoritative herbal medicine sources, including the PMC systematic review and the NCCIH. The herb's emmenagogue and uterine-tonic properties are historically associated with promoting conditions for conception. No clinical evidence exists.
pituitary substanceTraditional
Pituitary substance has a documented traditional use in glandular therapy for female infertility, based on the pituitary's role in secreting FSH and LH, which govern follicular development and ovulation. Early 20th-century organotherapy practitioners included pituitary extracts in formulas for ovulatory dysfunction. No modern clinical trials of oral supplementation exist.
red cloverTraditional
Red clover contains isoflavones (formononetin, biochanin A) with phytoestrogenic activity that may support follicular development and cervical mucus in women with relatively low estrogen. It has been used traditionally for female reproductive support. Limited clinical evidence exists specifically for fertility; most is in menopausal symptom management.
rehmannia glutinosaTraditional
In TCM, rehmannia is a primary blood and Kidney Essence tonic used to nourish the uterus, regulate menstrual cycles, and support reproductive vitality. It is the principal ingredient in Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, widely prescribed for women's reproductive health. No standalone human RCTs for female fertility exist.
solomon's sealTraditional
Solomon's seal is used across indigenous North American, Ayurvedic, and Western herbal traditions for female fertility support, including nourishing reproductive secretions, supporting uterine health, and addressing conditions such as vaginal dryness and hormonal irregularity. No human clinical trial has been conducted.
squawvineTraditional
Squawvine has documented traditional use as a tonic to support female fertility, particularly by toning the uterus and ovaries over several menstrual cycles. It appears in ethnobotanical records and naturopathic herbal texts as an adjunct for infertility related to uterine weakness or hormonal irregularity. No human clinical evidence exists.
wild yamTraditional
Wild yam has a traditional role in supporting female reproductive health, with use for uterine and ovarian conditions. Preclinical animal studies suggest dioscorin proteins from Dioscorea species can stimulate estradiol biosynthesis in ovarian cells and upregulate aromatase, but human clinical evidence for fertility improvement is absent.