Yumberry

Yumberry (Myrica rubra): A Comprehensive Reference

1. Identity: Botanical Classification, Names, and Natural Source

Scientific and Common Names

Myrica rubra is a species of flowering plant in the family Myricaceae, a subtropical tree grown for its fruit, native to a region including southeastern China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, and Taiwan. The tree and fruit carry numerous common names: yangmei (simplified Chinese: 杨梅; pinyin: yángméi), yamamomo (Japanese: ヤマモモ, meaning "mountain peach"), Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, yumberry, waxberry, and Chinese strawberry. The binomial authority is Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.; some taxonomic works also place it in the genus Morella as Morella rubra.

Botanical Description

Myrica rubra is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 10–20 m, with smooth gray bark and a uniform spherical to hemispherical crown. Leaves are leathery, bare, elliptic-obovate to oval lanceolate in shape, wedge-shaped at the base and rounded to pointed or tapered at the apex, with a serrated margin in the upper half, measuring 5–14 cm long and 1–4 cm wide. The plant is dioecious, bearing separate male and female trees; only female trees produce fruit, but both sexes are required for pollination.

The fruit is a knobby, thick-skinned berry whose vivid hues range from crimson red to purple, enclosing a singular seed, with a sweet-tart flavor enjoyed fresh or transformed into juices, wines, and dried delicacies.

Geographic Distribution and Cultivation

Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) is a subtropical fruit tree native to China and other Asian countries, and cultivation of this Myricaceae plant has been recorded in Chinese history for more than 2,000 years. Mid-June to early July is the main commercial harvest period in China, with eastern and southern China — particularly the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangsu — representing the principal production areas.

Commercial Forms and Preparations

Besides fresh consumption, the fruits may be dried, canned, soaked in baijiu (Chinese liquor), or fermented into alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, or cocktails. Dried fruits are often prepared in the manner of dry huamei (Prunus mume with flavorings such as licorice). The juice has been commercialized under the brand name "Yumberry," for which the name is trademarked in the EU. In Yunnan Province, two main types exist — a sour type used for making dried fruit and a sweet type used for juice and fresh eating. In the Philippines, they are dried and preserved in brine and vinegar and made into champóy. Other uses include bottled pasteurized juice or juice blends, blended jam, and preserves.

The fruit is highly perishable and cannot be stored for more than 3 days at 20–22 °C and 9–12 days at 0–2 °C. The greatest options to extend the duration of fruit ingestion are considered to be fruit powder, juice, and wine. Oil and bioactive substances can also be extracted from by-products such as the kernel and pomace.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

Myrica rubra is a subtropical fruit tree indigenous to China and other Asian nations, with references in Chinese history dating back more than 2,000 years. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) utilized it in the treatment of mouth and gum-related problems, cold, flu, asthma, and laryngitis.

In the Ben Cao Gang Mu (Compendium of Materia Medica), authored by Li Shizhen during the Ming Dynasty, Chinese bayberry is described as having properties that include quenching thirst, cleansing the stomach and intestines, and harmonizing the viscera.

Due to its antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, CB leaves, bark, and fruits are all employed in traditional Chinese medicine, and the majority of investigations conducted thus far have concentrated on the function of single chemicals or extracts generated from these sources.

Bark Use in TCM and Oriental Medicine

The bark of Myrica rubra is a natural remedy widely used in China and other Asian countries to treat tissue and bone injuries, burns, scalds, gastrointestinal ulcers, and diarrhea. The bark has been used as an antidote, astringent, and anti-diarrhetic in Japanese traditional medicine, and applied externally for wounds, ulcers, and skin diseases in TCM. It could also be taken orally for diarrhea, bone fracture, and duodenal ulcer in ethno-medicine.

Leaf Use

The leaves of Myrica rubra have been used in oriental traditional medicine for the treatment of burns, skin diseases, and as an antidiarrheal in China, Japan, and Korea. In China, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea, the various organs are used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, headaches, burns, and skin diseases, while the leaves are specifically used to treat inflammatory diseases.

Traditional Use in Japan

In Japan, Myrica rubra is known as yamamomo ("mountain peach") and used in both sweets and liqueurs. In Japan, it is the prefectural flower of Kōchi and the prefectural tree of Tokushima.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

Overall Phytochemical Profile

Flavonoids, phenolic compounds, polyphenols, carbohydrates, organic acids, vitamins, and other phytochemicals are among those found in M. rubra, which is also high in anthocyanins and flavanols. The fruits, leaves, and bark of Chinese bayberry plants harbor a number of bioactive compounds including proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, vitamin C, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins that have been linked to anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective properties and to the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Anthocyanins — Especially Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)

Compared with other berries, bayberry fruit is a rich source of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G; e.g., 64.8 mg/100 g fresh weight in the 'Biqi' cultivar), which accounts for at least 85% of the anthocyanins in the fruit. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (6,322–11,846 mg/kg dry weight) was the most abundant flavonoid in the fruits studied, followed by epicatechin (82.25–111.87 mg/kg DW), quercetin (5.98–36.47 mg/kg DW), myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (21.2–91.6 mg/kg DW), and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside.

Flavonols and Flavonoids

Characterization of anthocyanins and flavonols from four Chinese bayberry varieties led to the isolation of one dominant anthocyanin and three major flavonols, with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and two flavonols — myricetin and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside — identified by co-chromatography with authentic standards.

Activity-guided isolation of M. rubra leaves yielded five flavonoids: myricetin (1), myricitrin (2), myricetin 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3), myricetin 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside (4), and quercetin 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside (5).

High levels of flavonoids (13.6–294.3 mg/100 g) are present in fresh M. rubra fruit weight. A total of 38 polyphenols were reported by LC-Q-TOF-MS, where proanthocyanidins and flavonols, including myricitrin and quercitrin, were the main constituents.

Myricitrin

Myricitrin, isolated from the bark, leaves, and fruits of Myrica rubra, is a natural flavonoglycoside. Studies have shown that it has anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, and strong antioxidant effects, and can inhibit atherosclerosis and endothelial damage caused by oxidative stress. Myricitrin can significantly reduce myocardial injury in rats induced by doxorubicin (DOX) by improving cardiac pathological injury and reducing the cardiac index and serum cardiac enzyme level, and it can also protect the heart through antioxidant activity and inhibition of ERK/p53-mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis signaling.

Myricanol — A Cyclic Diarylheptanoid

Myricanol is an important ingredient in the bark of M. rubra. Myricanol has a seven-carbon skeleton linked to two phenyl rings; one ring contains two methoxyl groups and one phenolic hydroxyl group, while the other ring has only one phenolic hydroxyl group. Structure-activity relationship studies have shown that these methoxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups may be crucial for its antioxidant and anticancer activities.

Evidence shows that myricanol has multiple bioactive properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic effects. Myricanol improves metabolic abnormalities in mice by activating the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway. It also demonstrates significant anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions, primarily by regulating Caspase and BCL-2 family proteins, inhibiting iNOS expression, scavenging free radicals, and interacting with Peroxiredoxin 5.

Bark Phytochemical Complexity

Chemical studies have reported that M. rubra bark (MRB) contains flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, and triterpenes. Nineteen compounds have been tentatively identified in MRB by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, including one phenolic acid (gallic acid), eight flavonoids (rutin, myricetin hexoside, quercetin hexoside, myricitrin, quercetin deoxyhexoside, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol), six diarylheptanoids (three myricanol hexosides, myricanol 11-sulfate, myricanol, myricanone), and four triterpenoids (ursolic acid, myricadoil, uvaol, taraxerol).

Sesquiterpenes in the Leaves

The sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene oxide, α-humulene, trans-nerolidol, and valencene are substantial components of the essential oil from Myrica rubra leaves, which has exhibited significant antiproliferative effects in several intestinal cancer cell lines, with CaCo-2 cells being the most sensitive.

Juice Micronutrients

Proanthocyanidins such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, flavonoids such as quercetin-3-o-glucoside, various polyphenols such as gallic acid, and vitamins of the B, C, and E groups are known to be present in the juice of M. rubra, from which the Yumberry drink is prepared. Fruit has soluble solid values ranging from 8.4 to 15.0%, with total sugar and total acid concentrations of 8.4% and 1.2%, respectively.

Myricerone and Endothelin Receptor Interaction

An extract from the fruit called myricerone blocks a receptor for the peptide endothelin, an important mediator of blood vessel constriction, indicating potential for drug development.

4. Scientific Evidence by Health Area

Important caveat on evidence strength: The large majority of published research on Myrica rubra consists of in vitro (cell culture) and animal studies. Bayberry has been evaluated for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardiovascular effects, and has demonstrated activity in cancer and diabetes, with most data derived from animal or in vitro studies; because clinical data are lacking, bayberry cannot be recommended for any indication. The sections below describe the experimental evidence as it exists, explicitly noting study type and population.

4.1 Antioxidant Activity

Both DPPH• and ABTS•+ cation radical assays indicated that the black bayberry varieties (Biji and Hunan) demonstrated much higher radical scavenging activities than the pink and yellow varieties, attributable to much higher levels of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and total phenolics; Biji and Hunan had 6.49 and 6.52 mM Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) per 100 g fresh weight.

Within treated cells, M. rubra extract exhibits strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. Strong antioxidants are produced by the extraction of myricitrin, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, and anthocyanin from the fruits of M. rubra. Myricetin was first found in bayberry bark in the late 18th century and is also one of the main ingredients of various human foods such as fruits, vegetables, fruit wine, tea, and honey, known as dietary flavonoids.

Evidence strength: In vitro and ex vivo only. No controlled human trials on antioxidant end points have been identified.

4.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity

The five flavonoids isolated from M. rubra leaves were evaluated for antioxidant potency against the superoxide anion, with compounds 3–5 showing potent scavenging activities. All five compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of macrophage functions involved in the inflammatory process, and these five compounds significantly and dose-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

When used to treat Propionibacterium acnes-stimulated human SZ95 sebocytes (an in vitro model), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and myricetin also exhibited anti-inflammatory action, making them prospective modulators of inflammatory signaling.

According to the findings of Zhongxiang et al.'s study, drinking yumberry beverages reduces inflammation of any kind, including skin and rectal kinds (haemorrhoids), and protects against alcohol-induced ulcers. The study type and human sample size for this finding should be noted as requiring additional verification; the report originates from a narrative review.

Evidence strength: Predominantly in vitro (cell-based) studies; one review-cited observation on beverage consumption. No large-scale randomized controlled trials in humans have been identified.

4.3 Anticancer and Antiproliferative Activity

To investigate the antitumor effect of anthocyanins extracted from Chinese bayberry fruit, a nude mouse tumor xenograft model was established. Treatments with C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside) significantly suppressed the growth of SGC-7901 tumor xenografts in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical staining showed a significant increase in p21 expression, indicating cell cycle inhibition. qPCR screening showed that C3G treatment up-regulated the expression of the KLF6 gene, an important tumor suppressor. Western blot showed that C3G markedly increased KLF6 and p21 protein levels and inhibited CDK4 and Cyclin D1 expression, indicating that KLF6 up-regulates p21 in a p53-independent manner.

Research on leaf sesquiterpenes showed that α-humulene, trans-nerolidol, valencene, and β-caryophyllene oxide inhibited proliferation of CaCo-2 cancer cells but did not affect the viability of hepatocytes. β-Caryophyllene oxide, trans-nerolidol, and valencene synergistically potentiated the efficacy of doxorubicin in cancer cell killing.

Myricanol exhibited strong apoptosis-inducing activity on HepG2 cells, and further studies revealed that myricanol was capable of promoting the cleavage of caspase 3, 8, and 9, resulting in apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

Various phytochemicals isolated from the leaves of Myrica rubra have been extensively investigated and generally reported to show numerous bioactivities, including melanin synthesis-inhibitory, antitumor, and anti-influenzavirus activity.

Evidence strength: Preclinical only (animal xenograft models and cell-line studies). No human cancer trials have been identified.

4.4 Antidiabetic / Hypoglycemic Activity

The inhibition rate of each polyphenolic substance on α-glucosidase increased with increasing dosage. At the final concentration of 1,000 mg/L, the polyphenols extract from M. rubra powder inhibited α-glucosidase by 97.57%, and myricitrin alone inhibited it by 96.408%, compared to the positive control acarbose at 95.24%. This demonstrates in vitro enzyme inhibition comparable to the pharmaceutical antidiabetic agent acarbose, though in vitro enzyme-inhibition data do not directly translate to clinical glucose control outcomes.

Evidence shows that myricanol has antidiabetic effects, and myricanol improves metabolic abnormalities in mice by activating the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway. This pathway is an established regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism, but the evidence is from animal models.

Evidence strength: In vitro enzyme assays and animal models. No controlled human studies on glycemic outcomes have been identified.

4.5 Hepatoprotective Activity

Pharmacological studies on M. rubra bark showed that its methanolic extract had protective effects on CCl₄- and α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced liver injury in animal models.

At a dose of 150 or 450 mg/kg of M. rubra bark extract (MCE), mitochondrial membrane potentials were restored (P < .05). Pretreatment with MCE also prevented the elevation of intra-mitochondrial free calcium in CCl₄-insulted mice. MCE treatment (50–450 mg/kg) significantly increased both transcription and translation of VDAC inhibited by CCl₄, suggesting that MCE mitigates liver mitochondria damage through regulation of mitochondrial VDAC.

A small, 4-week, randomized crossover study in young adults (N=44) evaluated the effect of 250 mL of bayberry juice twice daily on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease outcomes. This represents one of the very few human clinical trials identified in the literature on this ingredient; full results of this study were not available in the reviewed sources.

Evidence strength: Animal models are the primary evidence base; one small human crossover study (N=44) has been identified but is insufficient for clinical conclusions.

4.6 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity

Chinese bayberry has demonstrated antibacterial and anti-adhesion action against Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Modern pharmacological studies showed that myricitrin possesses a variety of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-obesity effects. The flavonol myricetin has been proven to possess various beneficial pharmacological properties, including anti-oxidative and cytoprotective effects, anti-carcinogenic actions, antiviral properties, as well as antiplatelet, anti-inflammation, and anti-hyperlipidemia activities.

Research findings suggest that myricetin can effectively inhibit pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection and may become a candidate for development of new anti-herpesvirus drugs.

Evidence strength: In vitro and animal model studies; no human clinical trials in antimicrobial or antiviral applications have been identified.

4.7 Neuroprotective Activity

The chemical profile of Myrica rubra leaf extract was investigated by UPLC-PDA-HRMS, and the neuroprotective activity of two characteristic constituents, myricanol and myricitrin, was evaluated with N2a cells using H₂O₂-induced oxidative challenge through methods including MTT assay, ROS assay, and [Ca²⁺]i assay. Among 188 constituents detected, 116 were identified definitely or tentatively.

Suppression of H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in N2a cells was achieved by pretreatment with myricanol. The evidence suggested myricanol may potentially serve as a remedy for prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases induced by oxidative stress. The authors noted, however, that this was only a preliminary investigation of the neuroprotective effects of myricanol.

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to identify compounds in M. rubra bark extract, and the MTT assay was performed to evaluate neuroprotection of six major compounds against glutamate-induced damage in PC12 cells. Myricitrin and myricanol 11-sulfate were shown to have neuroprotection, preventing cell apoptosis through alleviating oxidative stress by reducing levels of reactive oxygen species and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde, as well as by enhancing the activities of superoxide dismutase. Several active compounds from M. rubra bark may offer neuroprotection and have the potential for the development of new drugs against central nervous system diseases.

Boqi1, one of eight purified anthocyanin extracts (PAEs) from Myrica rubra, protected the brain from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice via the TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/antioxidant responsive element pathway.

Evidence strength: In vitro cell-culture studies and animal models. No human clinical trials on neuroprotective outcomes have been identified.

4.8 Anti-Obesity and Lipid-Lowering Activity

By inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, and other adipogenic proteins, myricanol extracts made from Chinese bayberry bark have been demonstrated to reduce lipid accumulation in zebrafish fed a high-fat diet.

Evidence strength: Animal model (zebrafish) and in vitro data only.

4.9 Anti-Melanogenic Activity

Overall, the water extract of M. rubra fruit has been characterized as a safe and effective melanin inhibitor and anti-oxidant that can potentially be applied in the fields of cosmetics and medicine, based on testing in mouse melanoma (B16-F0) and human melanoma (A2058) cell lines. This is an in vitro finding.

5. Body Systems and Health Areas Associated with Yumberry

• Gastrointestinal system: Long used as traditional medicine for the treatment of skin diseases and diarrhea; it could be taken orally for traumatic injury, bone fracture, diarrhea, stomach and duodenal ulcer in ethno-medicine.
• Cardiovascular system: CB extracts have been reported to have neuroprotective properties and to be potentially efficient in the treatment of brain and cardiovascular conditions, primarily through preclinical data on myricitrin's cardioprotective mechanisms.
• Nervous system: Proanthocyanidins isolated from Chinese bayberry leaves have demonstrated neuroprotective action in experimental studies, and neuroprotective properties of myricitrin were also discovered.
• Metabolic/Endocrine: In vitro evidence exists for α-glucosidase inhibition suggesting antidiabetic potential, and myricanol has demonstrated activity in animal metabolic models.
• Liver (hepatic): Animal studies show hepatoprotective effects against chemically induced liver injury.
• Immune and inflammatory system: Multiple in vitro studies show inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine production.
• Skin and dermatology: Leaf extracts have been used traditionally for burns and skin diseases; water fruit extracts show anti-melanogenic effects in cell models.
• Oncology (preclinical): Various fractions (anthocyanins, sesquiterpenes, diarylheptanoids) exhibit antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects across multiple cancer cell lines in vitro and in xenograft animal models.

6. Dosage Forms and Dosages Reported in Studies

There is insufficient reliable evidence to determine a standardized dosage for bayberry. The following dosages are those reported in specific preclinical or preliminary human studies only:

• Bayberry juice (human crossover study): A small, 4-week, randomized crossover study in young adults (N=44) used 250 mL of bayberry juice twice daily.
• M. rubra bark extract (animal study): Doses of 150 or 450 mg/kg of MCE (methanolic cortex extract) were used in rodent models of CCl₄-induced liver injury, with significant restoration of mitochondrial membrane potentials at both doses.
• Polyphenolic pomace extract (in vitro): At the final concentration of 1,000 mg/L in an in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay, the polyphenols extract from M. rubra powder inhibited α-glucosidase by 97.57%.
• Polyphenols extraction yield: The optimum extraction conditions yielded 24.37 mg/g total polyphenols content under conditions of 60 °C, ultrasonic power 270 W, ethanol concentration 53%, extraction time 57 min, and solid-to-liquid ratio 1:34.

No established standardized supplement dosage for human use has been defined in the peer-reviewed literature or by any pharmacopeial authority at the time of writing.

7. Safety Considerations and Interactions

General Toxicity Profile

The plant is considered to have very low toxicity, which may be an advantage in qualifying it for therapeutic use. However, clinical trials on the toxicity of this plant and its pharmacological effects must be carried out to assess its more desirable side effects.

Al-Hadiya et al. (2013) conducted a sub-chronic toxicity study in rats with the Yumberry fruit drink. The treatment group was administered 50% Yumberry drink as the sole source of drinking vehicle for 13 weeks (sub-chronic toxicity) and for 4 weeks (hepatoprotective evaluation). The results of this study indicated a hepatoprotective effect alongside absence of overt toxic findings at the tested doses, though the evidence base is limited to animals.

Allergic Reactions

Plant allergy, including severe, whole-body allergic reaction, has been documented. Cross-sensitivity with other fruits has been reported.

Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet Potential

Reduction of blood clot formation has been described in relation to bayberry species, which is consistent with the antiplatelet pharmacological activities reported for myricetin, a principal constituent. This raises theoretical interaction concerns with anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, though no specific human interaction studies for Myrica rubra have been identified.

Pregnancy and Lactation

Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking.

Interaction with Cytostatic Drugs

Combined with doxorubicin, essential oil from M. rubra leaves enhanced antiproliferative and prooxidative effects in cancer cells, with synergism proved at higher concentrations. In non-cancerous cells, the essential oil did not affect the toxicity of doxorubicin. The essential oil increased the intracellular concentration of doxorubicin and enhanced selectively the doxorubicin accumulation in nuclei of cancer cells. These findings are from in vitro research and should not be extrapolated directly to clinical drug interaction risk, but they suggest a theoretical basis for pharmacokinetic interactions.

Evidence Gaps

Further studies must be carried out to explore the phytochemical mechanism of action in areas such as anti-angiogenic activity, anti-hyperlipidemic activity, and astringent activity. These biological compounds must first be isolated and identified successfully. The overall scientific characterization of Myrica rubra as a safe human supplement remains incomplete due to the absence of large, well-designed clinical trials on its pharmacological effects, optimal dosing, and safety across populations.

References

• Agrawal K et al. (2024). Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological Aspects of Myrica rubra (Chinese Bayberry): An update. ScienceDirect / Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research.
• Sun C et al. (2013). Biological activities of extracts from Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.): a review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. PubMed.
• Chang G et al. (2022). Extraction and Study of Hypoglycemic Constituents from Myrica rubra Pomace. Molecules. PMC.
• Wang Y et al. (2017). Study on Chemical Profile and Neuroprotective Activity of Myrica rubra Leaf Extract. PMC / Molecules.
• Shen S et al. (2019). Study on the Material Basis of Neuroprotection of Myrica rubra Bark. PMC / Molecules.
• Wu X et al. (2004). Anthocyanins, Flavonols, and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Chinese Bayberry (Myrica rubra) Extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
• Tho NV et al. (2013). Flavonoid constituents in the leaves of Myrica rubra sieb. et zucc. with anti-inflammatory activity. Archives of Pharmacal Research. PubMed.
• Li X et al. (2026). Pharmacological Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Myricanol. Molecules.
• Kubínová R et al. (2019). The Influence of Sesquiterpenes from Myrica rubra on the Antiproliferative and Pro-Oxidative Effects of Doxorubicin. PMC / Molecules.
• Zhao M et al. (2011). Myrica rubra Extracts Protect the Liver from CCl4-Induced Damage. PMC.
• Zhang Y et al. (2024). Potential of Chinese Bayberry (Myrica rubra) Fruit, Kernel, and Pomace as Promising Functional Ingredients. Food and Bioprocess Technology. Springer.
• Amorim MH et al. (2015). Recent Breakthroughs in the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Morella and Myrica Species. PMC.
• Wang S et al. (2017). Myricetin protects Galleria mellonella against Staphylococcus aureus infection and inhibits multiple virulence factors. Scientific Reports.
• Yu X et al. (2022). Myricetin inhibits pseudorabies virus infection through direct inactivation and activating host antiviral defense. PMC.
• Drugs.com Natural Product Database (2025). Bayberry (Myrica rubra). Reviewed July 2025.
• Chang CH et al. (2018). Safety assessment, biological effects, and mechanisms of Myrica rubra fruit extract for anti-melanogenesis, anti-oxidation, and free radical scavenging. PubMed.
• Wikipedia. Myrica rubra. (Accessed 2026.)
• ScienceDirect Topics. Morella rubra – Pharmacology overview.
• Al-Hadiya BM et al. (2013). Myrica rubra Fruit Drink Sub-Chronic Toxicity and Hepatoprotective Effect in Rats. Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety.