Teri pod

Teri Pod (Caesalpinia digyna Rottler): A Comprehensive Reference

1. Identity, Botanical Classification, and Common Forms

Botanical and Taxonomic Identity

Teri pod is a plant species in the genus Moullava, although it is far more widely cited in the scientific literature under its older accepted name Caesalpinia digyna Rottler. Caesalpinia digyna Rottl. is an evergreen and perennial shrub of the Fabaceae family. Its synonyms include Caesalpinia oleosperma Roxb. and Caesalpinia gracilis Miq. Known as Vakeri-mul, Teri pod, it is found in Tanzania, eastern Asia in China, the Indian subcontinent and Malaysia to Indonesia.

Vernacular Names

It is known as 'Umul-Kuchi' in Bengali, 'Teri Pod' in English, 'Vakerimul' in Hindi, and 'Nune-Gacca' in Telugu. It is also referred to as Udakiryaka in Sanskrit. In Burmese, the vernacular name recorded is Su-let-thi. In Ayurvedic texts, the root drug is commonly called Bakeri.

Botanical Description

Teri pod is a large scandent, sparingly prickly shrub. Branches are glabrous or slightly downy, with 5–9 pairs of pinnae. Leaflets are obtuse, pale beneath, with 8–10 pairs, 6–12 mm long. Flowers appear in simple axillary racemes, 25–30 cm long, with slender pedicels of 2.5 cm, petals orbicular and yellow, the upper streaked with red. The pod is oblong and turgid, 3–5 cm long, containing 2–4 seeds. The plant can grow to 10 m by 10 m at a fast rate.

Geographical Distribution

The species is usually distributed in India, Nepal, Burma, Myanmar, China, and Bangladesh. More specifically, distribution encompasses Assam, Bengal, Chittagong, Myanmar, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Due to its very prickly nature, the plant is rarely cultivated, though it is often gathered from the wild and used locally for dyes, tannin, and medicine.

Plant Parts Used and Common Preparations

The parts used are the roots and the Teri pods. The roots and the seedpods are a source of tannins. In research settings, preparations most commonly studied include methanol extracts, ethanol extracts, petroleum ether fractions, ethyl acetate fractions, and aqueous extracts of roots, stems, leaves, and fruits. Powder dosage of 3–6 g has been recorded in Ayurvedic practice. The NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database lists this ingredient simply as "Teri pod" and "Teri pod extract" within the botanical category.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

Ayurvedic System (India)

Roots are astringent and used in Ayurveda and Unani systems of medicines. Caesalpinia digyna is traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for various medicinal purposes, including as a treatment for wounds, leprosy, skin diseases, fever, and diabetes. It has been used in phthisis, scrofulous affections, and diabetes, and is reported as astringent and antipyretic. In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the plant is referred to in the chapter on Jwaraghnadi varga (fever-alleviating drugs) under the name Bakeri. According to Ayurvedic principles, the plant balances all three doshas — Vata, Pitta, and Kapha.

Caesalpinia digyna Rottler is a big, climbing, spiky bush which grows in the forests of the eastern Himalayas in Assam and West Bengal and the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, and is used in the traditional drug preparation 'Geriforte,' which has been used for curing senile pruritus with excellent results. The root is used as an astringent and to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Ancient Indian practitioners found that this herb has antipyretic, tonic, astringent, and respiratory disease ailment power.

Traditional Use in Burma and Southeast Asia

In some parts of Burma, the root, pounded and mixed with water, is drunk as a febrifuge. In some regions of Burma, root powder mixed with water is used as a febrifuge, and is said to have soothing effects on nerves.

It is said to have an intoxicating effect. This property, noted in Kiritikar and Basu's classical Indian plants compendium (1999), has not been pharmacologically validated in modern research.

Ethnobotanical Use in Bangladesh and South Asia

Caesalpinia digyna is used to treat diarrhea, chronic fluxes, senile pruritis, tuberculosis, tonic disorder, and diabetes. The powder of this plant is also used to heal diarrhea and other chronic fluxes by the indigenous communities. In Bangladesh, the availability of this plant is rare.

Industrial Traditional Use: Tanning

The pods of C. digyna, popularly called "teri pods," contain approximately 28% tannin; the tannin in the bark is also 28%, while seed pods have over 54% tannin. This tannin is pure tannin of gallo and gallic acid type. Other documented uses include local tanning industries. Tannins occur generally in the roots, wood, bark, leaves, and fruit of the plant and have been used in tanning leather, dyeing fabric, making ink, and medical applications.

Geriforte: A Classical Polyherbal Formulation

C. digyna is one of the ingredients of the indigenous drug formulation Geriforte®, which has been used for curing senile pruritis, fatigue, and stress. This commercial Ayurvedic preparation represents one of the earliest documented incorporation of Teri Pod into a standardized herbal product.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

Bergenin (Vakerin)

Teri pods yield the glycoside bergenin, which gives the plant its therapeutic properties. Bergenin, a major constituent of Caesalpinia digyna Rottler (Leguminosae), was isolated from its roots and was characterized by comparing its melting point and spectroscopic data (IR, ¹H, ¹³C, Mass Spectra) with standard bergenin. Structurally, bergenin is a C-glycoside of 4-O-methylgallic acid, also referred to as cuscutin or vakerin. The isolated compound was confirmed as bergenin (C₁₄H₁₆O₉), colorless crystalline, yield 0.75–0.8%.

Homoisoflavonoids and Flavonoids

A new homoisoflavonoid, isointricatinol (1), together with eight known homoisoflavonoids, three flavonoids, bergenin and 11-O-galloylbergenin were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of MeOH extract of Caesalpinia digyna roots and evaluated for antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS free radicals. The structure of isointricatinol was elucidated by various spectroscopic techniques and found to be a Z-isomer of 7,8-dihydroxy-3-(4'-methoxybenzyl)chroman-4-one.

Alkaloids and Other Specific Phytochemicals

Chemical investigations of the plant have shown the presence of caesalpinine A, cellallocinnine, ellagic acid, gallic acid, bergenin, bonducellin, intricatinol, and tannins. Chemical examination of C. digyna also illustrates the presence of different phytochemicals such as Caesalpinine C, Caesalpinine A, methoxybonducelline, bonducellin, isobonducellin, intricatinol, isointricatinol, e-eucomine, and z-eucomine. From petroleum ether extracts of the root, four compounds — friedelin, hexacosanoic acid, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol — were isolated.

Tannins and Phenolics

Caesalpinia digyna leaves extract contains various phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, resins, glycosides, phenols, and carbohydrates. The high tannin content — particularly of the gallic acid type — is a defining phytochemical characteristic. The pods contain approximately 28% tannin, with seed pods having over 54% tannin, consisting of pure gallo and gallic acid type.

Established Mechanisms of Action

The pharmacological activity of Teri Pod is attributed primarily to bergenin and to the tannin-polyphenol complex. Bergenin has been shown to possess antiulcerogenic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antidiabetic/anti-obesity (by in vitro inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, PTP1B), anti-arrhythmic, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, burn wound healing, and trypanocidal activities.

The extract of the roots of C. digyna was demonstrated to be a potent in vitro scavenger of free radicals in different models and showed a dose-dependent antioxidant activity, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing such antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase and catalase in the CCl₄ intoxication model in rats. The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic mechanisms have been partly elucidated through in silico molecular docking, with key phytoconstituents showing binding affinity to COX-1, COX-2, and mPGES-1 receptors.

The roots exhibit the properties of anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, anti-asthma, and anti-tubercular action. The antitubercular activity has a historical basis: the ethanol water extract of roots inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

4. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

4.1 Antioxidant Activity

Evidence level: Preclinical (in vitro and animal); no human clinical trials identified.

The antioxidant properties of three successive extracts of Caesalpinia digyna Rottler root and the isolated compound, bergenin, were tested using standard in vitro and in vivo models. The amount of total phenolic compounds present was also determined. The successive methanol extract of Caesalpinia digyna root (CDM) exhibited strong scavenging effect on DPPH free radical, ABTS radical cation, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The free radical scavenging effect of CDM was comparable with that of reference antioxidants.

In an in vivo rodent study, CDM, having the highest content of phenolic compounds, when administered orally to male albino rats at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight for 7 days prior to carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) treatment, caused a significant increase in the levels of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in serum, liver, and kidney in a dose-dependent manner, compared to CCl₄-treated control.

A 2024 study of the leaf extract published in Food Science & Nutrition found antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 0.13 µg/mL in the in vitro DPPH test. The most recent assessment, a 2025 study in Scientific Reports (PMID: 41339649), determined the fruit extract's antioxidant, anticancer, and cytotoxic effects through in vitro and computational studies, with fractionation performed using petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and distilled water, and antioxidant activity measured via total antioxidant capacity, DPPH scavenging, and Fe³⁺ reducing power. The ethyl acetate dichloromethane fraction (ECDF) showed the highest total phenolic content (258.16 ± 4.84 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (174.25 ± 8.33 mg QCE/g), and potent antioxidant capacity.

All antioxidant data to date are derived from in vitro assays and preclinical animal models. No randomized controlled trials in humans have been identified.

4.2 Antidiabetic Activity

Evidence level: Preclinical (animal studies); no human clinical trials identified.

Bergenin, the major constituent isolated from the roots of C. digyna, was evaluated for antidiabetic (Type 2) activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Bergenin was administered at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg p.o. to normal rats which were subjected to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Bergenin at the same dose levels was given to diabetic rats and fasting blood glucose level was estimated on the 0th, 7th, and 14th day of treatment, while plasma lipids, antioxidant enzymes, and liver glycogen were estimated on the 14th day. Bergenin at 10 mg/kg p.o. was found to reduce blood glucose level significantly in OGTT (P<0.01) and showed a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose level in diabetic rats.

Bergenin in all dose levels reversed plasma lipid (reduced elevated TC and LDL-C and increased HDL-C level) profile to normal values except TG. However, bergenin showed no significant effect on liver glycogen at all dose levels. The decrease in lipid peroxides and increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver illustrated the antioxidant potential of bergenin. Histopathological studies demonstrated the regenerative effect of bergenin on pancreatic β-cells. Hence, bergenin isolated from C. digyna possesses significant antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant activity in Type 2 diabetic rats.

The proposed molecular mechanism involves in vitro inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a validated target in insulin signaling and metabolic disease research. All findings remain at the preclinical animal level, and translation to human clinical outcomes has not been established.

4.3 Antianxiety / Nervine Activity

Evidence level: Preclinical (animal studies); no human clinical trials identified.

The traditional use of C. digyna roots as a nervine tonic has been investigated scientifically. The aim of one comparative study was evaluation of antianxiety activity of three traditionally used medicinal plants. The activity of various extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and water) was evaluated using the elevated plus-maze model, conducted on lacca mice with test materials administered per oral route.

Results indicated that the ethanol extract of C. digyna roots exhibited maximum and significant dose-dependent effect at 200 and 400 mg/kg on elevated plus-maze, with results comparable to the standard antianxiety drug diazepam (2 mg/kg).

A subsequent bioactivity-guided fractionation study confirmed the specific phytoconstituent responsible: an effective dose of the antianxiety principle was optimized, and its activity was further evaluated using open field and mirror chamber tests. CD1 and CD2 characterized as bergenin exhibited significant antianxiety activity at 80 mg/kg p.o., which was statistically comparable to that of diazepam (2 mg/kg p.o.). Antianxiety activity-guided fractionation/isolation studies on C. digyna roots clearly reveal that bergenin is responsible for the antianxiety effect of the roots.

These results are from preclinical rodent models only. No human evidence has been published.

4.4 Antipyretic Activity

Evidence level: Preclinical (animal and in silico); no human clinical trials identified.

A study investigated the in vivo antipyretic activity of the methanol extract of C. digyna leaves (MECD) and its carbon tetrachloride (CTCD) and butanol fraction (BTCD). Additionally, in silico molecular docking and ADME/T profiling of the identified bioactive compounds was performed. In vivo antipyretic activity was evaluated by employing a yeast-induced pyrexia technique in a mice model. The study confirmed antipyretic effects and identified COX-1, COX-2, and mPGES-1 as putative molecular targets.

The methanolic extract of leaves of C. digyna has also shown analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and thrombolytic effects. These remain in vitro and animal-level findings.

4.5 Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity

Evidence level: Preclinical (in vitro and animal); no human clinical trials identified.

A 2024 study published in Food Science & Nutrition (PMC11666975) evaluated the methanolic leaf extract of C. digyna for anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties using multiple validated models. Various in vitro and in vivo studies revealed significant anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀ value of 2.51 µg/mL in the in vitro test, and in vivo significance at p<0.05), antiarthritic activity (83.61% inhibition at a dose of 1000 µg/mL), and antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ value of 0.13 µg/mL) as well as moderate analgesic activity (p<0.05).

Prior root and stem extracts are reported to exhibit antioxidant, anti-tubercular, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activity. These research findings suggest that C. digyna leaves have promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases and disorders, and further research is needed to explore its complete pharmacological profile and identify its active constituents.

4.6 Antidiarrheal, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activity

Evidence level: Preclinical (in vivo animal, in vitro, and in silico); no human clinical trials identified.

A study published in PMC (PMC8056226) investigated the antidiarrheal, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of the methanol extract of the stems of C. digyna (MECD). The in vivo antidiarrheal activity was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling, and charcoal-induced intestinal transit in a mice model. The in vitro antimicrobial potentiality was investigated by the disc diffusion method, and in silico activity of isolated compounds was performed.

In the antidiarrheal investigation, MECD exhibited notable inhibition in all test approaches, which were statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.1, p<0.01). MECD at 400 mg/kg showed the maximum antidiarrheal potency in all test methods. In vitro antimicrobial analysis revealed that MECD showed higher potentiality against almost all pathogens, with dose-dependent activity against almost all bacteria and fungi. All three isolated compounds met the pre-conditions of Lipinski's five rules for drug discovery.

The authors concluded that the chemical constituents of C. digyna can be a potent source of anti-diarrheal, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal medicine, and further modification and simulation studies are required to establish the effectiveness of bioactive compounds.

4.7 Antitubercular Activity

Evidence level: Early-stage preclinical; no human clinical trials identified.

The ethanol water extract of roots has been reported to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The root is used as an astringent and also used to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This antitubercular activity corroborates the long-standing traditional use of Teri Pod in phthisis (pulmonary tuberculosis). Formal clinical studies on this application have not been conducted.

4.8 Anticancer and Cytotoxic Activity

Evidence level: Preliminary in vitro and computational; no human clinical trials identified.

A 2025 study in Scientific Reports (PMID: 41339649) set out to determine the fruit extract's antioxidant, anticancer, and cytotoxic effects through in vitro and computational studies. The methanol extract was prepared and fractionated using petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and distilled water. Total antioxidant capacity, DPPH scavenging, and Fe³⁺ reducing power were used to calculate antioxidant activity, while Trypan Blue Exclusion and MTT methods were used to measure cytotoxic and anticancer activities against Vero and various cancer cell lines.

Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the 1,3-dihydroxyanthraquinone (C14) compound forms stable complexes with respective proteins. Findings suggest that C. digyna fruit extracts might be a potential source for discovering cancer medicine. However, further analysis is required to isolate and identify the compounds responsible for these effects.

This area of research is at an extremely early stage. All evidence is in vitro or computational only.

4.9 Wound Healing

Evidence level: Traditional claim with partial preclinical support; no clinical trials identified.

The pods are useful as an astringent, febrifuge, physical rejuvenative, tonic, and to heal wounds. As an astringent, topical application is reported to heal wounds more quickly. The burn wound healing property has been attributed to bergenin in the pharmacological literature. No controlled clinical wound-healing trials with C. digyna preparations have been identified.

5. Body Systems and Health Areas Associated with Teri Pod

• Metabolic / Endocrine System: Traditionally used for diabetes, with preclinical evidence supporting antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects via bergenin.
• Immune System / Infectious Disease: The root extract has significant antiviral, antitubercular, and trypanocidal activities documented in preclinical research.
• Gastrointestinal System: Traditional use and animal-model evidence for antidiarrheal action, along with antiulcerogenic activity attributed to bergenin.
• Nervous System: Roots of this plant have been used traditionally as astringent, nervine tonic, and antipyretic, and preclinical animal studies have confirmed antianxiety activity attributable to bergenin.
• Hepatic System: Methanol root extract of the plant has been reported to possess antioxidant, antidiabetic, and radioprotective effects, and bergenin has been assigned hepatoprotective activity in the broader phytochemical literature.
• Musculoskeletal / Inflammatory: Preclinical evidence supports anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiarthritic activity in leaf and root extracts.
• Respiratory System: The roots exhibit properties of anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, anti-asthma, and anti-tubercular action in preclinical assessments.
• Skin / Integumentary System: Topical astringent use for wound healing and treatment of senile pruritis (itching in the elderly), as documented in the Geriforte formulation.

6. Dosage Forms and Dosages Reported in Studies

In Ayurvedic practice, the powder dosage recorded is 3–6 g. Specific doses used in preclinical research include:

• Antioxidant study (root extract, rats): CDM administered orally at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight for 7 days.
• Antidiabetic study (bergenin, rats): Bergenin administered at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg p.o.
• Antianxiety study (root extract, mice): Ethanol extract of C. digyna roots at 200 and 400 mg/kg exhibited maximum significant dose-dependent effect on elevated plus-maze.
• Antianxiety study (isolated bergenin, mice): Bergenin exhibited significant antianxiety activity at 80 mg/kg p.o.
• Antidiarrheal study (stem extract, mice): MECD at 400 mg/kg showed the maximum antidiarrheal potency in all test methods.
• Anti-inflammatory/analgesic study (leaf extract, in vitro): Antiarthritic activity of 83.61% inhibition was observed at a dose of 1000 µg/mL.

None of the above dosages are derived from human clinical trials and should not be interpreted as human therapeutic dosages. No clinically validated human dosage has been established for Teri Pod or its extracts.

7. Safety Considerations and Notable Interactions

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

There is insufficient evidence regarding the safety of C. digyna in pregnancy and breastfeeding; hence it should be avoided in pregnancy, breastfeeding, and in children under 2 years of age.

Potential for Intoxicating Effects

A historically noted caution appears in the classical Indian pharmacopoeial literature: it is said to have an intoxicating effect. The phytochemical basis and dose-dependency of this reported effect have not been characterized in modern pharmacological studies.

Tannin Content and Implications

The pods of C. digyna contain approximately 28% tannin, while seed pods have over 54% tannin. High tannin intake is generally associated with reduced iron absorption and potential gastrointestinal astringency at significant doses. However, specific clinical data on these interactions with C. digyna specifically have not been reported.

In Silico Toxicity Profiling

Computational ADMET analysis indicated that key phytoconstituents of C. digyna (including Caesalpinine C) were predicted to be neither toxic nor carcinogenic in in silico models. These predictions have not been validated in formal toxicology studies.

Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (Cytotoxicity Screening)

A brine shrimp lethality bioassay revealed that C. digyna leaves extract is free from danger to use as medication, based on standard BSLB cytotoxicity thresholds. This assay is a preliminary screen only and does not substitute for formal mammalian toxicology studies.

Absence of Formal Clinical Safety Data

No formal phase I safety studies, dose escalation trials, or long-term human toxicity assessments have been identified for Teri Pod or its isolated constituents. The NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database records no scientific resources for this ingredient beyond its botanical categorization. Rigorous clinical trials specifically investigating its health effects are limited. More research is needed to fully validate its potential benefits and to determine optimal consumption patterns.

8. Overall Evidence Assessment

The scientific evidence base for Teri Pod (Caesalpinia digyna) consists almost entirely of in vitro cell assays, preclinical animal experiments (principally in mice and rats), and computational in silico modeling. A 2025 study in Scientific Reports noted that it represented the first scientific study of C. digyna fruits for phytochemical and pharmacological activities coupled with computer-assisted approaches, illustrating how recent formal scientific characterization of some plant parts remains. The body of evidence documents an array of pharmacologically interesting activities — particularly antioxidant, antidiabetic, antianxiety, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and antitubercular — but no human randomized controlled trials, no systematic reviews, no Cochrane assessments, and no approved monographs (German Commission E, ESCOP, WHO, or EMA) for this plant have been identified. All pharmacological findings should therefore be interpreted as preliminary.

The traditional use spanning Ayurveda, Unani, and ethnomedicine across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia is well documented and internally consistent, with phthisis, diabetes, fever, diarrhea, and wound care as the principal historical applications. The preclinical literature broadly corroborates several of these traditional claims at a mechanistic level, but the clinical translation gap remains significant.

References

• NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Dietary Supplement Label Database: Teri Pod
• Haque et al. (2025). Combined in vitro and computational studies on the antioxidant and anticancer effects of Caesalpinia digyna (Rottl.) fruit extracts. Scientific Reports. PubMed PMID: 41339649
• Emon et al. (2021). Biological and computational studies provide insights into Caesalphinia digyna Rottler stems. PMC8056226
• Emon et al. (2021). Antipyretic activity of Caesalpinia digyna (Rottl.) leaves extract along with phytoconstituent's binding affinity to COX-1, COX-2, and mPGES-1 receptors: In vivo and in silico approaches. PMC8380996
• Fatema et al. (2024). Phytochemical Profiling and Pharmacological Evaluation of Methanolic Leaf Extract of C. digyna for Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antiarthritic, and Analgesic Activities. Food Science & Nutrition. PMC11666975
• Prasad et al. (2012). Type 2 antidiabetic activity of bergenin from the roots of Caesalpinia digyna Rottler. PubMed PMID: 22178680
• Antianxiety activity guided isolation and characterization of bergenin from Caesalpinia digyna Rottler roots. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2016). ScienceDirect
• Srinivasan et al. (2007). Antioxidant activity of Caesalpinia digyna root. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. ScienceDirect
• Srinivasan et al. (2007). Antioxidant activity of Caesalpinia digyna root. PubMed PMID: 17686593
• Wikipedia: Moullava digyna (Teri pod)
• Plants For A Future (PFAF): Caesalpinia digyna — Teri pods, Udakiryaka
• Neto et al. (2012). The Genus Caesalpinia L. (Caesalpiniaceae): Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics. Molecules, MDPI
• Analysis of homoisoflavonoids in Caesalpinia digyna by HPLC-ESI-MS, HPLC and method validation. ResearchGate
• Comparative antianxiety activity evaluation of Argyreia speciosa, Caesalpinia digyna, and Sphaeranthus indicus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
• Pharmacognostical and physicochemical characteristics of roots of Caesalpinia digyna Rottl. ResearchGate
• A report on pharmacognostical and quality control parameters of root of Caesalpinia digyna (Rottler). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry (2020)
• Leaves Ayurveda: Caesalpinia digyna – Bakeri
• Himalaya Wellness HerbFinder: Caesalpinia digyna — Teri Pods
• Useful Tropical Plants Database: Moullava digyna
• A comprehensive review on bergenin, a potential hepatoprotective and antioxidative phytoconstituent. ResearchGate