Stevioside

Other Names

13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]kaur-16-en-19-oic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl esterAzucacaaCa-a-jheiCa-a-yupiCaa-he-éCandyleafCapim doceCAS 57817-89-7Diterpene glycosideEira-caaent-Kaurane diterpenoid glycosideErva doceHoney leafHoney yerbaKa'a he'êKaa jheeéPubChem CID 442089SteviaStevia extractStevia glycosideSteviol glycosideSteviol-13-sophoroside-19-glucosideStevioside ASteviosidesSugarleafSweet glycoside of SteviaSweet herb of ParaguaySweet leafSweet leaf of ParaguaySweetherbSweetleafUEDUENGHJMELGK-HYDKPPNVSA-NYaa waan

Synopsis

Stevioside: A Comprehensive Encyclopedic Reference

1. Identity and Chemical Nature

Botanical Source and Taxonomy

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, native to the Amambay Mountains of South America, and primarily distributed in Paraguay and Brazil. The Stevia genus contains approximately 230 species; however, only S. rebaudiana contains these zero-calorie sweetener compounds. The genus name, Stevia, honors the Spanish botanist and physician Pedro Jaime Esteve, while the specific epithet rebaudiana was named in honor of Ovidio Rebaudi, the chemist from Paraguay who first extracted the sweet compounds from this plant.

Chemical Identity

Stevioside is a naturally occurring diterpenoid glycoside in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, with the molecular formula C₃₈H₆₀O₁₈. It consists of an aglycone steviol — a tetracyclic diterpene in which the four-fused-ring system consists of three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring — and a sugar part comprising three glucose units. It is classified as a diterpene glycoside, an ent-kaurane diterpenoid, a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic diterpenoid, and a bridged compound. The compound's systematic name in Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) reflects its structural relationship as a rubusoside derivative in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside.

Stevioside is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250–300 times sweeter than sucrose, though with a bitter aftertaste, extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America. The diterpenoid glycoside provides a promising alternative sweetener that is non-nutritive, non-caloric, nontoxic, and non-mutagenic, making it of interest for patients with metabolic problems such as Type II diabetes, phenylketonuria, and obesity.

Occurrence Within the Plant

The leaves of S. rebaudiana Bertoni contain eight different steviol glycosides, the major constituent being stevioside (triglucosylated steviol), constituting about 5–10% in dry leaves. Stevioside, a tri-glucosylated steviol, is a precursor of rebaudioside A and is the most abundant glycoside in the leaves of the plant. These two glycosides are the main substances responsible for the sweetness of stevia. The sweet-tasting glycosides have been reported to be present in the leaves, flowers, and stems but not in the roots of S. rebaudiana, and the primary source of stevioside and rebaudioside A is the leaves.

Stevia is a sweet and nutrient-rich plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Stevia leaves contain steviol glycosides including stevioside, rebaudioside (A to F), steviolbioside, and isosteviol, which are responsible for the plant's sweet taste, and have commercial value all over the world as a sugar substitute in foods, beverages, and medicines. Among the various steviol glycosides, stevioside, rebaudioside A, and rebaudioside C are the major metabolites, and these compounds are on average 250–300 times sweeter than sucrose.

Common Forms and Preparations

Preparations for use include dried leaves, water extracts of leaves, and refined chemical ingredients such as rebaudioside A. These are collectively referred to as stevia. Commercial stevioside is typically produced by aqueous extraction from dried S. rebaudiana leaves, followed by purification. Stevioside is a natural leaf-extracted sweetener that is approximately 300 times sweeter than standard sugar sold commercially. Discovered in Paraguay and Brazil, the plant was identified in the early 1970s as a plant of high economic value and transported to Japan for cultivation, where the commercialization of stevia leaf extract as a natural sweetener became a success; today, the stevia plant is cultivated primarily in China.

2. Historical and Traditional Use

Indigenous Guaraní Peoples

Stevia rebaudiana has been used over centuries by the Guaraní people of Brazil and Paraguay, who called it ka'a he'ẽ ("sweet herb"), to sweeten the local yerba mate tea, as medicine, and as a "sweet treat." For centuries, indigenous Guaraní people used it to sweeten yerba mate as well as to treat fever, manage diabetes, regulate blood pressure, combat microbial infections, and promote digestion. The traditional method of use by the Paraguayan Guaraní Indians was to dry the leaves and to use them to sweeten tea and medicines, or to chew the leaves as a "sweet treat." Rural and indigenous populations in Paraguay also used the plant as a contraceptive.

The indigenous Guaraní people were using its leaves as a medicinal herb to regulate blood sugar prior to European contact; however, accounts suggest the Guaraní did not domesticate the plant or employ it exclusively as a sweetener, as they rarely sweetened their foods. In traditional Brazilian medicine, the herb has been used for its tonic, diuretic, hypotensive, and hypoglycemic properties.

The Guaraní also used stevia medicinally as a cardiotonic, for obesity, hypertension, and heartburn, and to help lower uric acid levels.

First Botanical Documentation and Early Scientific Interest

In 1899, botanist Moisés Santiago Bertoni first described the plant as growing in eastern Paraguay and observed its sweet taste. Bertoni in 1905 reported the presence of a sweet constituent in stevioside; later in 1908, Deterich, through hydrolysis, isolated two glycosides — the non-crystalline rebaudin and the crystalline eupatorine. It was first domesticated in Japan in 1968, and the stevioside sweetener gained commercial importance as a food supplement in the 1970s.

Traditional records show that S. rebaudiana has been traditionally used to lower blood glucose levels, reduce inflammation, and promote digestion. These uses in South American indigenous medicine predate European contact and span multiple centuries.

3. Key Constituents and Phytochemistry

Steviol Glycoside Profile

Stevia rebaudiana is renowned for its natural sweetening properties, attributed to a complex phytochemical profile rich in steviol glycosides (SGs), flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Stevioside is the dominant glycoside, but the plant produces a full family of structurally related compounds. These include stevioside, rebaudioside A through F, steviolbioside, and isosteviol. Stevioside, a tri-glucosylated steviol, is a precursor of rebaudioside A and is the most abundant glycoside in the leaves of the plant.

Modern research has identified bioactive metabolites such as diterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects.

Aglycone: Steviol

Steviol is the final product of stevia metabolism. The metabolized components essentially leave the body and there is no accumulation. In the large intestine, bacterial flora of the cecum or colon degrade stevioside into free steviol, which is further transformed in the liver into its glucuronide derivative and excreted from the body through urine.

4. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism

Absorption and Intestinal Biotransformation

Kinetic studies conducted in rats and humans provide evidence for the hydrolysis of steviol glycosides (stevioside, rebaudioside A) in the lower intestine (caecum and colon in rodents) to steviol, which is then absorbed and further metabolized to glucuronides. The microbial hydrolysis of different steviol glycosides preparations, including stevioside, has been investigated in vitro with human faecal incubations. The results demonstrate efficient deglycosylation of these steviol glycosides to the aglycone in the presence of colonic microbiota collected from adults or children. In all these studies, nearly complete deglycosylation to the aglycone was shown to occur within the first 12 hours of incubation.

The safety of steviol glycosides was established on the basis of a common metabolic pathway for steviol glycosides between rats and humans, thus allowing for the extrapolation of toxicology and other safety data on the major steviol glycosides, namely rebaudioside A and stevioside, as well as the metabolite steviol, to other structurally related steviol glycosides.

5. Mechanisms of Action

Antihypertensive Mechanisms

In cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells, stevioside can dose-dependently inhibit the stimulatory effects of vasopressin and phenylephrine on intracellular Ca²⁺ in a calcium-containing medium. No intracellular Ca²⁺ inhibitory effect was observed in calcium-free medium, implicating that stevioside may inhibit the Ca²⁺ influx from extracellular fluid. Stevioside did not influence calcium ionophore-induced Ca²⁺ influx, indicating that the antagonistic effect is through Ca²⁺ channels. No significant change of blood pressure was noted after injection through the left vertebral artery, implicating that the hypotensive effect is not related to the central nervous system.

Serum dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine levels were not significantly changed after intravenous injection of stevioside in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), suggesting that the blood pressure reduction is not primarily mediated by changes in serum catecholamines.

Antidiabetic / Antihyperglycemic Mechanisms

In diabetic animal models, stevioside normalized the altered levels of antioxidant enzymes and molecules of insulin signaling including insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt mRNA levels. Furthermore, stevioside enhanced glucose uptake and oxidation in diabetic muscles by augmenting glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) synthesis, in a manner similar to metformin. Stevioside effectively inhibits oxidative stress and promotes glucose uptake in diabetic gastrocnemius muscles by activating the IR/IRS-1/Akt/GLUT 4 pathway.

Steviol glycosides have potent antidiabetic activity by mimicking insulin actions by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Stevioside was also reported to regulate blood glucose levels in diabetic rat models by increasing insulin secretion through downregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression. The PEPCK protein is an enzyme that activates the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis and converts oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. Therefore, inhibition of this enzyme or reduction in its gene expression can decrease glucose production from non-sugar sources.

Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms

Stevioside decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokines, and prevented the gene expression of cytokines by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Stevioside (1 mM) can significantly inhibit the inhibitory kappa B kinase beta (IKK-β) and NF-κB signaling pathways, thereby reducing the production of IL-1β and TNF-α, as well as NO expression in human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells.

Stevioside prevented in vitro upregulation of genes involved in liver inflammation. In silico assays demonstrated its antagonistic action in two proinflammatory receptors: tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-1 and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4-MD2.

Antioxidant Mechanisms

In vitro, pretreatment with stevioside (250 μM) for 6 hours increased cell viability and proliferation and prevented apoptosis in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Stevioside pretreatment significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production as well as upregulated T-SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activity. It also decreased cell permeability and improved intestinal barrier functions by significantly upregulating the tight junction protein abundances of claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1. These findings are from in vitro cell models and have not been directly replicated in human clinical studies.

Anticancer Mechanisms (Preclinical Only)

Steviol inhibits bone cells through G1 phase cell cycle arrest, downregulating the ability of colony formation through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which was indicated by an increase of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1, tumor protein 53, and cyclin-dependent kinase. These data are exclusively from cell-line studies and have not been tested in human clinical trials.

6. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

6.1 Cardiovascular Health: Blood Pressure

Human/Clinical Evidence

The most cited human trial in this area is the Chan et al. (2000) double-blind placebo-controlled study. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was undertaken in 106 Chinese hypertensive subjects with diastolic blood pressure between 95 and 110 mmHg, ages ranging from 28 to 75 years, with 60 subjects allocated to active treatment and 46 to placebo. Each subject was given capsules containing stevioside (250 mg) or placebo thrice daily and followed up at monthly intervals for 1 year. After 3 months, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the stevioside group decreased significantly (systolic: 166.0 ± 9.4 to 152.6 ± 6.8 mmHg; diastolic: 104.7 ± 5.2 to 90.3 ± 3.6 mmHg, P < 0.05), and the effect persisted during the whole year. Blood biochemistry parameters including lipid and glucose showed no significant changes, and no significant adverse effect was observed.

However, findings from other trials are conflicting. In a Brazilian study, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased (p < 0.05) during treatment with crude stevioside up to 15.0 mg/kg/day, but a similar effect was observed in the placebo group. Therefore, crude stevioside up to 15.0 mg/kg/day did not show an antihypertensive effect.

A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis found: The meta-analysis revealed an overall significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in favour of steviol glycosides vs. placebo, mean difference (MD): −6.32 mmHg (−7.69 to 0.46). The overall effect on BMI, diastolic BP, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and HDL-C was a non-significant reduction in favour of steviol glycosides, while no significant effect on HbA1c was found.

Animal Evidence

The hypotensive effect on both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was dose-dependent for intravenous doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The maximum reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 31.4 ± 4.2% and 40.8 ± 5.6% (mean ± SEM), respectively, and the hypotensive effect lasted for more than 60 minutes at a dose of 200 mg/kg.

Evidence Strength

Results from long-term clinical trials (1–2 years) in China studying men and women with mild to moderate essential hypertension have suggested antihypertensive effects of stevioside at intakes of 750 and 1500 mg/day; however, other studies have not shown measurable effects of steviol glycosides on blood pressure in humans. Overall, the evidence is mixed, with the two positive long-term Chinese RCTs (Chan 2000; Hsieh 2003) potentially limited by their study populations and methodological questions. The meta-analysis provides modest pooled signal but notes significant heterogeneity.

6.2 Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes

Human/Clinical Evidence

Twelve type 2 diabetic patients were included in an acute, paired crossover study. A standard test meal was supplemented with either 1 g of stevioside or 1 g of maize starch (control). Blood samples were drawn at 30 minutes before and for 240 minutes after ingestion of the test meal. Compared to control, stevioside reduced the incremental area under the glucose response curve by 18% (P = .013). The insulinogenic index (AUC(i,insulin)/AUC(i,glucose)) was increased by approximately 40% by stevioside compared to control (P < .001). Stevioside tended to decrease glucagon levels, while it did not significantly alter the area under the insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide curves.

However, longer-term studies show less clear results. Oral intake of 250 mg of stevioside three times a day for one year did not affect blood glucose levels in healthy individuals. Jeppesen et al. (2006) reported that fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were not significantly lowered by intake of 1500 mg/day of stevioside compared with placebo. Additionally, the incremental area under the glucose concentration curve following test meal administration at the end of the treatment period was also unaltered relative to placebo.

Long-term human trials have investigated 200–1500 mg/day orally administered stevioside over time periods ranging from 3 days to 2 years on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, and insulin in healthy, type 1 and type 2 diabetic, and hypertensive subjects.

Evidence Strength

A few members of the steviol glycoside family, including stevioside, have progressed to clinical trials, demonstrating safety and modest reductions in postprandial glucose levels. However, the effect on longer-term glycemic control markers such as HbA1c and fasting glucose has not been consistently demonstrated in well-powered RCTs. Evidence is classified as preliminary and mixed for glucose-lowering effects in humans.

6.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity

In vitro and in vivo, stevia showed anti-viral effects, immunomodulatory activity, and anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Steviol glycosides possess notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by modulating conserved signaling pathways preclinically. The anti-inflammatory effect is primarily attributed to the suppression of pro-inflammatory cascades. Evidence in this area is predominantly preclinical (in vitro and animal models). No large human clinical trials specifically evaluating stevioside as an anti-inflammatory agent have been reported in the reviewed literature.

6.4 Antioxidant Activity

As a substitute for sugar, stevioside also shows good pharmacological activities on glucose metabolism, bodyweight maintenance, blood pressure, and shows anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, antibacterial, and immune regulation activities. Antioxidant effects have been primarily demonstrated in cell culture and animal models, including upregulation of antioxidant enzymes. Evidence in humans is limited and indirect.

6.5 Anticancer Activity

Evidence for anticancer activity is limited to preclinical, in vitro investigations. Steviol inhibits bone cancer cells through G1 phase cell cycle arrest, downregulating colony formation through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, indicated by an increase of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1, tumor protein 53, and cyclin-dependent kinase. Although previous studies on stevia have been identified as pointing to an anticancer agent, its ability in inhibiting cell proliferation in osteosarcoma requires further investigation, as studies need to proceed to in vivo models. No human clinical trials on stevioside as an anticancer agent have been identified in this review. Evidence in this area is classified as very preliminary (in vitro only).

6.6 Renal Effects

Steviol, a major metabolite of stevia glycoside, can slow the growth of renal cysts by decreasing the expression of aquaporin 2 (AQP2) or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Although the renal protective effects of stevioside and its metabolite have been verified in various animal models, its pharmacological efficacy requires more comprehensive clinical evaluation. Human clinical evidence specific to renal protection remains limited.

6.7 Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Health

Stevioside pretreatment decreased cell permeability and improved intestinal barrier functions by significantly upregulating the tight junction protein abundances of claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 in in vitro cell models. Human studies investigating stevioside's effects on the gut microbiome composition are limited, and findings are preliminary.

7. Body Systems and Health Areas of Association

Cardiovascular system: Antihypertensive and potential cardiotonic effects, primarily studied in human RCTs and animal models.
Endocrine / Metabolic system: Antihyperglycemic and insulin-sensitizing activity, studied in human RCTs and diabetic animal models.
Immune system: Immunomodulatory activity, anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling, and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine release.
Gastrointestinal system: Traditional use for digestion; preclinical evidence for intestinal barrier support.
Renal system: Preclinical evidence in polycystic kidney disease models.
Oncology (preclinical): In vitro anticancer activity in cancer cell lines via apoptosis induction.
Oral health: Steviol glycosides exhibit a superior sweetener proficiency to that of sucrose and are noncaloric, noncariogenic, and nonfermentative.

8. Dosage Forms and Dosages Reported in Studies

Stevioside is available as a purified powder, encapsulated supplement, and in liquid and tablet forms. The following dosages are derived only from the referenced clinical studies and should not be construed as recommendations:

Antihypertensive (Chan et al., 2000): Each subject was given capsules containing stevioside (250 mg) or placebo thrice daily and followed up at monthly intervals for 1 year, yielding a total daily dose of 750 mg.
Antihypertensive (Ferri et al., 2006): Volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either placebo during 24 weeks or crude stevioside at 3.75 mg/kg/day (7 weeks), 7.5 mg/kg/day (11 weeks), and 15.0 mg/kg/day (6 weeks), with all capsules prescribed twice daily.
Antihyperglycemic — Acute crossover (Jeppesen et al., 2003): A standard test meal was supplemented with either 1 g of stevioside or 1 g of maize starch (control).
Antihyperglycemic — Long-term (Geuns, 2007 as cited): Oral intake of 250 mg of stevioside three times a day for one year did not affect blood glucose levels in healthy individuals.
Glycemic control in T2DM (Jeppesen et al., 2006 as cited): Fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin were not significantly lowered by intake of 1500 mg/day of stevioside compared with placebo.
Antidiabetic supplement trial (Egyptian study): Participants received stevia at 4 mg/kg body weight as an alternative to artificial sweetener for 24 weeks.
Animal NOAEL (JECFA/WHO): Oral administration of stevioside at a dietary concentration of 2.5% to rats for two years, equal to 970 and 1100 mg/kg body weight per day in males and females respectively, had no significant effect.

9. Regulatory Status and Acceptable Daily Intake

JECFA has established specifications and an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for stevia extract as a high potency sweetener. The EFSA Panel set an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 4 mg per kg body weight per day for steviol glycosides, a level consistent with that already established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Toxicological testing showed that the substances are not genotoxic, nor carcinogenic, or linked to any adverse effects on the reproductive human system or for the developing child.

The safety of steviol glycosides as a food additive was evaluated by EFSA in 2010 and an ADI of 4 mg/kg body weight per day, expressed as steviol equivalents, was established, based on the application of a 100-fold uncertainty factor to the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) from a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rat.

The EFSA Panel points out, however, that this ADI could be exceeded by both adults and children if sweeteners are used at the maximum levels proposed by applicants.

The WHO released in May 2023 a guideline recommending the restraint of using non-sugar sweeteners, including stevia, for weight gain control at any life stage. This guideline highlights the need for future research addressing the potential long-term effects of non-sugar sweetener use in children and in pregnant and lactating women.

10. Safety Considerations and Drug Interactions

General Toxicity

Stevioside has very low acute oral toxicity. Oral administration of stevioside at a dietary concentration of 2.5% to rats for two years, equal to 970 and 1100 mg/kg body weight per day in males and females respectively, had no significant effect. Reduced body-weight gain and survival rate were observed at a dietary concentration of 5% stevioside in rats. There was no indication of carcinogenic potential in a long-term study and no evidence of urinary bladder tumor-promoting potential in a separate bioassay.

Stevioside studies lasting longer than two years found body weight and survival rate reductions in high-dose (2000 mg/kg bw/day) males, linked to taste aversion and a tumor that is common in aged rats. However, these studies have design flaws and other limitations, often involving poor characterization of the test materials utilized.

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity

In studies of reproductive toxicity, administration of stevioside at doses up to 2500 mg/kg body weight per day to hamsters and 3000 mg/kg body weight per day to rats had no effect. While studies with purified stevioside have not reported adverse reproductive or developmental effects, a number of studies conducted with steviol, stevia leaves, or crude extracts of stevia have reported adverse effects on fertility, reproductive structures, or development. The relevance of these latter studies to the safety assessment of purified steviol glycosides is limited because of the lack of characterization of the crude stevia extracts and use of protocols that do not meet regulatory guidelines for reproductive safety studies.

Although stevioside is generally recognized as safe, some studies have reported immunological and reproductive concerns under high-dose or prolonged exposure, underscoring the need for further toxicological and clinical evaluation.

Blood Pressure and Glucose Interactions

Two clinical trials on patients with high blood pressure reported blood pressure reductions after long-term treatment with stevioside. One clinical trial using stevioside found a beneficial effect on postprandial glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients. These raised concerns about potential risks for normotensive and diabetic consumers. In individuals already taking antihypertensive or antidiabetic medications, the pharmacodynamic activity of stevioside, even if modest, could theoretically potentiate the effects of those agents. The clinical significance of this interaction has not been formally studied in controlled trials.

Genotoxicity

Toxicological testing showed that steviol glycosides are not genotoxic, nor carcinogenic, or linked to any adverse effects on the reproductive human system or for the developing child. This conclusion is the position of the EFSA ANS Panel based on the totality of available toxicological studies as of 2010.

Gut Microbiota

Research on the effects of stevia consumption on gut bacterial populations is ongoing. In vitro and in vivo evidence indicates anti-inflammatory properties via inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathways. The net impact of regular stevioside consumption on the diversity and composition of the human gut microbiome remains an active area of investigation without a definitive consensus.

References

Health Conditions

Health conditions that Stevioside may help support.

No conditions available.

Body Systems

Body systems that Stevioside may help support.

No body systems available.