IngredientsEllagitannins belong to the class of hydrolysable tannins; they are esters of hexahydroxydiphenoic acid and a monosaccharide, most commonly glucose. Tannins are broadly classified into two categories — condensed and hydrolyzable — and ellagitannins belong to the hydrolyzable class.
Ellagitannins arise through biosynthetic pathways that allow for the production of structural diversity. In the early stage of biosynthesis, the galloyl groups of β-pentagalloyl glucose couple oxidatively to produce the hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) group. Triggered by the oxidation of the phenolic parts on β-pentagalloyl-D-glucose, ellagitannins are generated through various structural conversions, such as the coupling of the phenolic parts, oxidation to highly complex structures, and the formation of dimeric and larger analogs, which expand the structural diversity.
To date, more than 1,000 natural ellagitannins have been identified. Of the two main groups of tannins — hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins — ellagitannins belong to the hydrolysable group. They are non-flavonoid oligomeric polyphenols that provide very high free-radical scavenging activity in vitro. Chemically, ellagitannins consist of a central core of glucose esterified with hexahydroxydiphenic acid.
The ellagitannin family comprises a large number of structurally distinct members. Key ellagitannins that have attracted significant scientific attention include punicalagin, sanguiin H-6, corilagin, geraniin, oenothein B, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. Pomegranate juice obtained by squeezing the whole fruit contains the unique ellagitannin punicalagin. Punicalagin is the known largest molecular-weight polyphenol. At present, 88 ellagitannins have been isolated and identified from different parts of pomegranate alone, including 27 previously unknown ellagitannins tentatively identified through LC-HR MSn technologies.
Ellagitannins represent an expansive and chemically diverse group of high-molecular-weight polyphenols, widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom in nearly all tissues of plants, including roots, leaves, bark, wood, galls, fruits, and seeds.
Ellagitannins occur naturally in some fruits (pomegranate, strawberry, blackberry, raspberry), nuts (walnuts, almonds), and seeds. Importantly, ellagitannins significantly contribute to the polyphenolic profile of edible plants and foods, including strawberries, blackberries, cranberries, walnuts, and hazelnuts, broadening their dietary relevance. Squeezing whole pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.) yields the richest source of ellagitannins among other fruit juices.
Ellagitannins are commonly found in plants of the Rosaceae family as well as in some nuts, seeds, and fruits. Their content has been best documented with regard to raspberries and blackberries (Rubus L., Rosaceae). The edible medicinal plants Sanguisorba officinalis L. (great burnet), Geum urbanum L. (wood avens), and Agrimonia procera Wallr. (fragrant agrimony) of the Rosaceae family are a several times richer source of tannins, especially ellagitannins, than berries, containing 3.0, 2.1, and 3.4 g/100 g phenolics in fresh matter, respectively.
Many potentially active ellagitannins can be isolated from various species of Terminalia plants. In particular, both punicalagin and punicalin have been identified in several Terminalia species, including T. catappa, T. chebula Retz, T. myriocarpa, and T. citrina. Punicalagin has also been isolated from Cistus salvifolius (a Mediterranean shrub) and Combretum molle (an African shrub).
The extracts of Lagerstroemia speciosa contain abundant tannins (40%), with six ellagitannins — lagerstroemin, flosin B, stachyurin, casuarinin, casuariin, and 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-α/β-D-glucose — identified from leaves, which exhibit strong activity in promoting insulin-like glucose absorption, impeding adipocyte differentiation, and inhibiting glucose transportation.
Additionally, ellagitannins such as castalagin, castalin, roburin A, and grandinin are found in oak and chestnut wood, and castalin and grandinin are present in Melaleuca quinquenervia leaves.
Ellagitannins are commercially available primarily as concentrated fruit extracts, most commonly standardized pomegranate extracts. In clinical studies, pomegranate ellagitannin-enriched polyphenol dietary supplements (such as POMx capsules) have been administered at doses providing 1,000 mg (610 mg of gallic acid equivalents, GAEs) of extract. Ellagitannin-containing preparations are also found as whole fruit juices (pomegranate juice, berry juices), standardized botanical extracts in capsule or tablet form, and as ellagic acid supplements derived from wood or plant sources. Ellagic acid itself is normally found in relatively low amounts in plant tissues; it is thought to be derived from ellagitannins, which when broken down form hexahydroxydiphenic acid, which spontaneously converts to ellagic acid.
Pomegranate juice has been used for centuries in ancient cultures for medicinal purposes. Ellagitannin-containing plants — including Terminalia species in Ayurveda, Epilobium in European and Asian phytotherapy, as well as dietary sources such as pomegranate and raspberries — have deep roots in ethnopharmacological use.
In their ecological context, ellagitannins act as key defensive metabolites, deterring herbivores and conferring resistance to microbial pathogens, while their ethnopharmacological relevance is substantiated by their deep integration into diverse traditional medicine systems.
Their occurrence in plants long valued in traditional medicine — including Terminalia species in Ayurveda and Epilobium in European and Asian phytotherapy — asserts their ethnopharmacological importance.
Rosaceae herbs such as Sanguisorba officinalis, Geum urbanum, and Agrimonia procera are traditionally used as antibacterial, anti-diarrheal, and anti-inflammatory agents for the intestines.
Geraniin, an ellagitannin, is a bioactive compound found in many traditional herbal medicines. Despite its numerous reported health benefits — ranging from anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycaemic, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties — formal toxicity data on geraniin were historically limited.
The astringent properties conferred by ellagitannins — arising from their ability to precipitate proteins — made ellagitannin-rich plants valuable in traditional wound care, the treatment of gastrointestinal complaints such as diarrhea, and the management of oral and throat inflammation across multiple cultures and time periods. Ellagitannin-rich species have served as sources of both complex polyphenolic scaffolds and their bioactive metabolites, urolithins, which mediate many of their health-promoting effects.
Ellagitannins are slowly hydrolysed in the digestive tract, releasing the ellagic acid molecule. Ellagitannins, the primary form of ellagic acid in foods, are hydrolyzed into ellagic acid during digestion in the upper digestive tract. The bioavailability of ellagitannins and ellagic acid is however very low. These molecules undergo extensive metabolism by the gut microbiota to produce urolithins that are much better absorbed.
Urolithins are gut microbiota metabolites of ellagitannins and ellagic acid that were first discovered as bioavailable metabolites from pomegranate ellagitannins almost 20 years ago in animal models and humans. To date, 13 urolithins and their corresponding conjugated metabolites (glucuronides, sulfates, etc.) have been described and, depending on the urolithin type, detected in different human fluids and tissues, including urine, blood, feces, breast milk, prostate, colon, and breast tissues.
Gut microbiota such as Enterocloster bolteae and Parabacteroides gordonii biotransform ellagic acid into urolithins through a series of reactions, including cleavage of the lactone ring, decarboxylation, and dehydroxylation. Gram-positive bacteria in the intestinal microbiome are crucial for ellagic acid metabolism; Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Bifidobacterium bifidum participate in ellagic acid metabolism.
Urolithins circulate in plasma as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates at concentrations in the range of 0.2–20 μM. Taking into account the poor absorption of ellagitannins and ellagic acid and their negligible bioavailability, the beneficial effects observed following the consumption of ellagitannin-containing foods are explained by their extensive metabolism to urolithins.
An important limitation of ellagitannin bioactivity is inter-individual variability. Studies have demonstrated a lot of interindividual variability due to different urolithin metabotypes present in the population. In fact, only 1 in 3 people have the right microbiota to perform this metabolism with maximum efficiency.
Ellagitannins form a diverse group of bioactive polyphenols with anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral) activity. Punicalagin demonstrates powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, effectively neutralizing superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrite while chelating transition metals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
Some ellagitannin derivatives can directly suppress key enzymes related to inflammation — including cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) — contributing to their anti-inflammatory profile. Inhibition of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NF-κB) activation has been shown in prostate cancer cells and in human prostate cancer xenografts in mice. The ellagitannins in pomegranate juice have demonstrated anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo in human prostate cancer cells through downregulation of NF-κB, cyclin-dependent kinases 2/4/6, and Bcl-2, and upregulation of p21/WAF1.
Punicalagin confers significant cardioprotective effects through multiple mechanisms: it enhances lipid metabolism, reduces LDL oxidation, and improves endothelial function, while its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties slow atherosclerosis progression. Ellagitannins in pomegranate extract have been reported to enhance endothelial function by reducing oxidative stress and promoting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, leading to better vasodilation and lower blood pressure.
Geraniin exhibits antithrombotic activity by inhibiting platelet aggregation in response to different activating stimuli and disrupting platelet-neutrophil interactions critical for thrombus formation. It also enhances fibrinolysis by inhibiting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), promoting clot breakdown, and offering potential benefits in thromboembolic and atherosclerotic conditions.
Ellagitannins are metabolized by gut flora into urolithins, which are conjugated in the liver and excreted in the urine. These urolithins are also bioactive and inhibit prostate cancer cell growth. Cellular hypoxia leads to angiogenesis via the induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and ellagitannin extracts have been shown to modulate these pathways in preclinical models.
Urolithin A (UA), a metabolite produced when gut microflora digests ellagitannins and ellagic acid, is a known inducer of mitophagy via several identified mechanisms of action. Cellular mitochondrial health is maintained by expansion of the mitochondrial pool through mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission, and by ensuring the removal of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy. During aging, mitophagy levels decline and negatively impact skeletal muscle performance.
The broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities of ellagitannins — including antibacterial, antiviral, and antiprotozoal effects — are well documented and continue to garner scientific interest as new drug-resistant pathogens emerge. A compelling area of research concerns their synergistic potentiation of conventional antibiotics, which has been observed in the inhibition of key drug-resistant organisms.
The marked difference in anti-inflammatory potency between chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid is primarily attributable to their distinct structural features; specifically, chebulagic acid's incorporation of a rigid hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) group in place of two galloyl moieties confers increased spatial hindrance and reduced flexibility, which enhances its interaction with biological targets and underlies its superior anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-infective effects compared to the more flexible, triple-galloyl chebulinic acid, as demonstrated in computational studies.
The most extensively studied clinical application of ellagitannins in oncology concerns prostate cancer, driven primarily by research into pomegranate-derived ellagitannin extracts.
Phase II Clinical Trial (Pantuck et al., 2006): A phase II Simon two-stage clinical trial was conducted in men with rising PSA after surgery or radiotherapy. Eligible patients had a detectable PSA >0.2 and <5 ng/mL and a Gleason score ≤7. Patients were treated with 8 ounces of pomegranate juice daily (Wonderful variety, 570 mg total polyphenol gallic acid equivalents) until disease progression. There were no serious adverse events reported and the treatment was well tolerated. Mean PSA doubling time significantly increased with treatment from a mean of 15 months at baseline to 54 months post-treatment (P < 0.001).
Randomized Phase II Trial (Paller et al., 2012): Pomegranate juice had been associated with PSA doubling time elongation in a single-arm phase II trial. A subsequent study assessed the biological activity of two doses of pomegranate extract (POMx) in men with recurrent prostate cancer, using changes in PSA doubling time as the primary endpoint. At 24 months of treatment, the change from median baseline PSA doubling time to median post-baseline PSA doubling time was 11.5–19.9 months.
Phase IIb Randomized Controlled Trial (Negative outcome): Compared to red wine or green tea, pomegranate juice from commercial sources has an antioxidant capacity that is 3 times greater. Pomegranate extracts contain ellagic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, and punicic acid, all of which have been associated with anti-cancer effects in preclinical models. Ellagic acids are considered among the most active constituents. However, a separate phase IIb randomized controlled trial found that daily pomegranate intake had no significant impact on PSA levels in patients with advanced prostate cancer, highlighting the inconsistency of the clinical evidence in this area.
Preclinical evidence: Pomegranate juice and extracts, which are rich sources of ellagitannins, have been shown to have chemopreventive potential against prostate cancer. In vitro, human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were incubated with a pomegranate extract standardized to ellagitannin content (POMx), under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. POMx decreased prostate cancer xenograft size, tumor vessel density, VEGF peptide levels, and HIF-1alpha expression after 4 weeks of treatment in SCID mice. These results demonstrate that an ellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract can inhibit tumor-associated angiogenesis as one of several potential mechanisms for slowing the growth of prostate cancer in chemopreventive applications.
Evidence strength summary: The review of the literature indicates that the active principle of pomegranate may well have a potent anticancer potential, but the clinical evidence of effectiveness is still preliminary. Preclinical and early-phase clinical data are promising, but larger, well-controlled randomized trials are lacking, and PSA doubling time (the primary endpoint used in most trials) is a surrogate rather than a validated survival outcome.
Human bioavailability and antioxidant study: A study aimed to evaluate, in healthy humans, the bioavailability and metabolism of pomegranate juice ellagitannins, to assess their effect on several blood parameters including cardiovascular risk disease markers, and to compare the antioxidant activity of punicalagin with that of in vivo generated metabolites. Six healthy subjects consumed 1 L of pomegranate juice daily (5.58 g/L polyphenols, including 4.37 g/L punicalagin isomers) for 5 days.
Pomegranate extract safety and antioxidant trial: A study designed for safety assessment enrolled 64 overweight individuals with increased waist size. The subjects consumed either one or two POMx capsules per day providing 710 mg (435 mg of gallic acid equivalents) or 1,420 mg (870 mg of GAEs) of extracts, respectively, or placebo. A second cohort of 22 overweight subjects received two POMx capsules per day providing 1,000 mg (610 mg of GAEs) of extract. Antioxidant activity as evidenced by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in plasma was measured before and after POMx supplementation, showing a significant reduction in TBARS linked with cardiovascular disease risk.
Increasing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies demonstrates that ellagitannins and their gut-derived metabolites, particularly urolithins, exert anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and endothelial-protective effects, improving cardiovascular risk factors such as lipid profile, vascular function, and oxidative stress. Pomegranate juice and its by-products have been shown to substantially reduce macrophage cholesterol and oxidized lipids accumulation, and foam cell formation (the hallmark of early atherogenesis), leading to attenuation of atherosclerosis development.
Although it is widely accepted that pomegranate intake can provide significant health benefits, the results of human clinical trials using pomegranate juice as a therapeutic agent have been inconsistent. This may, in part, be due to variability in the composition of the administered pomegranate products. Several studies have suggested that pomegranate intake has positive effects on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk in diabetic, obese, hypertensive, and ischemic patients.
Evidence strength: Preclinical evidence for cardiovascular benefit is robust. Human clinical data are consistent in demonstrating antioxidant bioactivity, but the evidence for clinically meaningful endpoints (e.g., reduced events, improved lipid profiles) remains mixed and limited by small sample sizes and product variability.
The natural postbiotic Urolithin A has been shown to promote mitophagy, mitochondrial function, and improved muscle function across species in different experimental models and across multiple clinical studies.
Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial: The safety and bioavailability of Urolithin A (UA) and its impact on mitochondrial biomarkers was evaluated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study (NCT02655393). This was a 2-part study: single ascending dose Part A and a 4-week multiple ascending dose Part B. In Part A, 24 healthy elderly male and female volunteers were randomized to consume UA in single doses of either 250 mg, 500 mg, 1,000 mg, 2,000 mg, or placebo. In Part B, 36 healthy elderly male and female volunteers were randomized to receive 250 mg, 500 mg, or 1,000 mg of UA or placebo daily for 28 days.
Immunological outcomes in aging: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 50 healthy middle-aged adults received oral Urolithin A (1,000 mg/day) or placebo for 4 weeks. Primary outcomes were phenotypical changes in peripheral CD3+ T cell subsets and immune metabolic remodeling. UA expanded peripheral naive-like, less terminally exhausted CD8+ cells (treatment difference 0.50 percentage points; 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.83; P = 0.0437) while also increasing CD8+ fatty acid oxidation capacity (treatment difference = 14.72 percentage points; 95% CI = 6.46 to 22.99; P = 0.0061).
Evidence strength: Early-phase clinical trials of Urolithin A — the downstream gut metabolite of ellagitannins — show promising safety profiles and preliminary evidence of mitochondrial and immunological biomarker modulation. However, the extent to which consuming ellagitannins from food or supplements reliably generates therapeutic urolithin concentrations remains constrained by inter-individual microbiome variability. This body of evidence is still emerging.
Chronic supplementation of ellagic acid/ellagitannin-enriched extracts or pure ellagic acid was effective in attenuating obesity and metabolic syndrome in rodent models. In some cases, the improvement in plasma lipid profiles and/or glucose and insulin sensitivity was evident despite the absence of measurable differences in total body weight. The variability of ellagic acid bioavailability depending on the source and confounding factors of other polyphenols likely contributes to different effects. It should be noted that ellagic acid-rich extracts contain numerous other phytochemicals, and observed effects cannot be attributed solely to ellagic acid.
Ellagitannins from Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves (lagerstroemin, flosin B, stachyurin, casuarinin, casuariin, and related compounds) exhibit strong activity in promoting insulin-like glucose absorption, impeding adipocyte differentiation, and inhibiting glucose transportation.
Evidence strength: Evidence in this area is predominantly preclinical (in vitro and animal models). While mechanistic data are compelling, robust human RCT data specifically attributing glycemic effects to ellagitannins are lacking as of current literature.
Urolithin A, a gut microbiota-derived metabolite of ellagitannins and ellagic acid, can cross the blood–brain barrier and exhibits a favorable safety profile. Its key biological effects include promotion of mitophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis, as well as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-senescence, and anti-apoptotic properties. Preclinical evidence has demonstrated UA's therapeutic potential in CNS disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke.
Urolithins are gut microbial-derived metabolites of ellagitannins and ellagic acid, whose biotransformation varies considerably between individuals and decreases greatly with age. Accumulating evidence has suggested that urolithins may have specific advantages in preventing brain aging, including favorable blood–brain barrier permeability and selective brain distribution, with increasing support from preclinical data.
Clinical studies indicate that pomegranates may improve memory functioning and decrease the risk of ischemic stroke, and ellagic acid exerts cardiovascular and anti-cancer, anti-obesity, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities.
Evidence strength: The neuroprotective evidence base for ellagitannins and their urolithin metabolites is predominantly preclinical. Clinical neurological outcomes remain largely unexplored in well-powered controlled trials.
Ellagitannins form a diverse group of bioactive polyphenols with antimicrobial activity encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities are well documented and continue to garner scientific interest as new drug-resistant pathogens emerge.
Evidence strength: In vitro evidence for antimicrobial activity is substantial. However, clinical studies specifically evaluating ellagitannins as antimicrobial agents in human infectious disease are absent from the current literature, meaning this area remains preclinical.
Corilagin, an ellagitannin, was found to enhance the cytotoxicity of the reference anti-tumor drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin on Hep3B hepatoma cells at nutritionally attainable concentrations. The association of corilagin with low dosages of standard anticancer drugs such as cisplatin or doxorubicin could increment their anticancer effect, enhance their cytotoxic activity toward multi-drug resistant cells, and reduce their toxicity.
In a UVB initiation-promotion protocol, SKH-1 hairless mice receiving oral pomegranate extract supplementation showed reduced tumor incidence, prolonged latency periods of tumor appearance, and lower tumor body burden compared to that of unsupplemented UVB-irradiated control animals.
Evidence strength: Evidence in colorectal, hepatocellular, and skin cancer contexts is preclinical only. No human clinical trials specifically evaluating ellagitannins for these indications are available in the current literature.
The following dosages are those reported in peer-reviewed clinical or research sources and are presented for reference only. No standardized dosage range has been established for ellagitannins as a class.
There were no serious adverse events in any subject studied in published clinical trials with pomegranate ellagitannin-enriched polyphenol dietary supplements. These studies demonstrate the safety of such supplements in humans and provide evidence of antioxidant activity.
In a subchronic toxicity study (90 days) performed in F344 rats fed up to approximately 40 g ellagic acid/kg body weight (5% in the diet), there were no adverse effects observed, with an estimated no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of approximately 3,000 mg/kg body weight. When this NOAEL value is applied to humans using a scaling factor of 6.2 for rat-to-human conversion, the anticipated ellagic acid value is approximately 500 mg EA/kg body weight.
In contrast with the widely accepted notion that ellagitannins are health-promoting and therapeutically valuable compounds, data from some studies have raised the question of the safety of their consumption. In general, tannins may be toxic to cells and tissues because of their protein precipitation, enzyme inhibition, and mineral-binding properties. Furthermore, it was reported that pomegranate hydroalcoholic extract exerted mutagenic, genotoxic, and clastogenic effects in a panel of in vitro and in vivo assays. These findings were derived from in vitro and animal studies using extracts rather than defined pure compounds; their clinical relevance is uncertain and is not corroborated by the human clinical safety data available.
In vitro data indicate that pomegranate juice inhibits the activity of human cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9), an isoform that mediates the clearance of many drugs including some with potential toxicity such as phenytoin, warfarin, and oral antidiabetics. Anecdotal reports suggest potentiation of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin due to ingestion of pomegranate juice.
Observational studies reported that pomegranate juice prolonged the pharmacodynamics of warfarin and sildenafil. Furthermore, since it has been shown that pomegranate constituents inhibit cytochrome P450 activities such as CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, pomegranate juice may affect intestinal and liver first-pass drug metabolism.
The extent to which these effects are attributable specifically to ellagitannins versus other pomegranate constituents (such as flavonoids and anthocyanins) is not fully established. Preparations of pomegranate peel, ellagic acid, and quercetin in combination with warfarin were found to exert a further significant increase in prothrombin time (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR). Pomegranate peel extract showed insignificant effects on warfarin pharmacokinetics; however, its constituent ellagic acid significantly increased warfarin Cmax.
Rhabdomyolysis has been associated with pomegranate juice consumption in a patient taking synthetic rosuvastatin, though the latter is not known to be metabolized by hepatic P450 3A4. More studies are needed to determine whether interactions such as the interaction between pomegranate-containing products and the immunosuppressive agent tacrolimus are clinically significant.
Critical barriers to the clinical translation of ellagitannins include poor bioavailability, the scarcity of in vivo and clinical studies, and the underappreciated role of gut microbiota in the metabolism and bioactivation of these compounds. There is a distinctive difference between the nutritional bioactivity of ellagitannin-rich food and pharmacological activity of urolithins. Urolithins are produced by gut microbes in the colon after consumption of ellagitannin-rich food, and their production is highly associated with individual gut microbiota composition, giving rise to distinct urolithin metabotypes.
Research has highlighted significant variation in commercial ellagitannin supplement quality. Studies have demonstrated that pomegranate extracts on the market vary substantially in actual ellagitannin content, complicating the extrapolation of clinical trial results to commercially available products. Future research directions include facilitating bioactivation through urolithin-producing probiotics (e.g., Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens), developing more stable and permeable prodrugs or molecular conjugates, engineering semi-synthetic analogs with enhanced lipophilicity and metabolic resilience, and employing technological delivery approaches.
Health conditions that Ellagitannin may help support.
Ellagitannins are hydrolyzable tannins from pomegranate, walnuts, raspberries, and oak-aged foods that are the dietary precursors to urolithin A (a potent mitophagy inducer with strong clinical evidence for aging). They also exhibit direct antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and DNA-protective effects relevant to aging.
Body systems that Ellagitannin may help support.
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