Champignon

Champignon (Agaricus bisporus): A Comprehensive Reference

1. Identity: Botanical Classification, Nomenclature, and Common Forms

Champignon is the French and widely adopted international common name for Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach, a basidiomycete fungus belonging to the family Agaricaceae. It is one of the most widely consumed and versatile edible-medicinal fungi in the world. The organism is not a plant; although commonly regarded and consumed as a vegetable, mushrooms are members of the Fungi kingdom and offer a unique nutritional profile, being biologically distinct from both plants and animals.

The species presents in three commercially recognized morphological forms: white button mushroom (the immature, closed-veil form), crimini or brown mushroom (a genetically identical brown strain at a similar developmental stage), and portobello mushroom (the fully open, mature form). These different forms and sizes include button mushroom, white mushroom, crimini, and portabella mushroom. In German-speaking countries it is called Champignon or Zuchtchampignon (cultivated champignon); in Japan it is known as tsukuritake. To manufacture champignon extract, an extract boiled from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus (tsukuritake or champignon mushroom) is mixed with dextrin and then spray-dried into a powder.

Agaricus bisporus belongs to the Agaricaceae family and typically grows in composted soils rich in organic matter. Botanically, it is classified as follows:

• Kingdom: Fungi
• Phylum: Basidiomycota
• Class: Agaricomycetes
• Order: Agaricales
• Family: Agaricaceae
• Genus: Agaricus
• Species: A. bisporus

Common Forms and Preparations

Champignon mushroom has become a versatile, internationally recognized ingredient used in dietary supplements such as capsules and powders, functional foods including ready-to-eat meals, mushroom drinks, soups, and seasonings, cosmetics such as skincare creams and serums, low-fat protein alternatives in the food industry, and enteral nutrition formulas for immunocompromised patients.

As a dietary supplement specifically, champignon is available in several forms:

• Dried whole powder: The fruiting body is freeze-dried or air-dried and milled into a fine powder for encapsulation or direct use.
• Aqueous extract powder (Champex®): An extract boiled from Agaricus bisporus is mixed with dextrin and spray-dried into a powder; the extract contains amino acids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, flavonoids, vitamins, and minerals. This extract has been patented and is available for sale in Japan, six European countries, South Korea, the United States, and Canada.
• UV-irradiated mushroom preparations: Mushrooms contain high concentrations of ergosterol in their cell walls; when both fresh and dried varieties are exposed to UVB radiation, ergosterol is transformed to pre-vitamin D2 and then converted to vitamin D2, making UV-exposed mushrooms an ideal non-animal food source of vitamin D.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

Champignon was first cultivated near Paris in the 17th century, earning it the nickname "Paris Mushroom." Traditionally, it has been valued not only as a nutritious food but also for its potential medicinal properties. The Chinese Compendium of Materia Medica (Ben Cao Gang Mu) mentions mushrooms as capable of "strengthening the body, aiding digestion, and promoting longevity."

Mushroom polysaccharides have traditionally been used for the prevention and treatment of a multitude of disorders like infectious illnesses, cancers, and various autoimmune diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine has recognized the importance of mushrooms for many years, considering them an alternative for cancer treatment due to their properties and low toxicity.

In Japan, the processed water extract of champignon mushroom developed by researchers in the late 20th century gave rise to the proprietary ingredient Champex®, which has been specifically used in homes for the elderly as a food that reduces the malodorous by-products of bowel movement. Champignon extract has been used in homes for the elderly as a food that reduces the bad odor of bowel movement depending on the dosage, with the mechanism related to reducing the amount of various amine production. Champignon extract is also widely used in candy, jellies, drinks, and other food products for maintaining both personal aesthetics and health.

The deodorizing application of champignon extract in Japan is one of its most historically documented functional food uses. Champignon extract is a watery extract from mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) with the influential effects of both prebiotics and biogenics, and has been used in liquid dietary foods and beverages, candies, jellies, and therapeutic foods.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

Beyond its nutritional value, the bioactive components of A. bisporus, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, sterols, peptides, and essential vitamins, have attracted significant scientific attention. The core bioactive constituents include β-glucans, ergosterol, ergothioneine, and phenolic acids.

3.1 β-Glucans and Other Polysaccharides

In the 1990s, β-glucan was first extracted from the fruiting bodies of A. bisporus, and its immunomodulatory function was identified. Beta-glucans account for approximately 75% of total glucan concentrations in A. bisporus. In addition to β-glucans, mannogalactans are a significant polysaccharide fraction. A. bisporus presents 55.8% of mannogalactan and only 23.7% of β-glucan in its polysaccharide composition.

Bioactive polysaccharides are recognized by membrane receptors in leukocytes and macrophages, leading to proliferation and differentiation of immune cells; these activities are responsible for enhancing the innate and cell-mediated immune responses, and consequently, for the induction of antitumoral and bactericidal effects.

A. bisporus polysaccharides (ABP) are the main bioactive ingredient of the mushroom. In simulated digestion, the molecular weight of ABP was unchanged and no free monosaccharide was produced, indicating that ABP could not be completely digested—a prerequisite for prebiotic function.

3.2 Ergothioneine

Ergothioneine is among the bioactive amino acid components proposed as responsible for regulation of the gut microbiome, modulation of the host immune response, hypolipidemic activity, and antioxidant activity. Ergothioneine (EGT) is particularly significant due to its potent antioxidant and cytoprotective activities; it accumulates not only in fruiting bodies but also in stalks. Neuroprotective and anti-aging properties of the isolated compound ergothioneine—described as a diet-derived antioxidant with therapeutic potential—have been proposed.

Brown A. bisporus ethanol extracts contain ergothioneine and gallic acid as their major compounds, as detected by HPLC.

3.3 Ergosterol and Vitamin D2

Agaricus bisporus mushrooms contain an abundance of ergosterol, which on exposure to UV irradiation is converted to vitamin D2. Ergosterol accounts for nearly 90% of the fungal sterols in Agaricus bisporus. Subsequent studies led to the isolation of ergosterol, further revealing its antioxidant and metabolic regulatory potential.

3.4 Phenolic Compounds and Fatty Acids

Polyphenolic compounds have been isolated from A. bisporus, revealing antioxidant and metabolic regulatory potential. Gallic acid is a major phenolic compound identified in water extracts of brown A. bisporus, with the water extract exhibiting the highest total polysaccharide content (734.04 ± 0.03 mg glucose/g extract) and total phenolic content (190.90 ± 0.07 mg gallic acid/g extract).

The major active compounds found in the ethyl acetate fraction of white button mushroom are unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). CLA has been identified as particularly important in the context of hormone modulation, discussed further below.

3.5 Micronutrient Profile

Biologically distinct from both plants and animals, mushrooms are rich in micronutrients that are normally found in vegetables, meats, and grains; these include riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, copper, phosphorus, selenium, fibre-associated monosaccharides and polysaccharides, and the sulphur-containing amino acid ergothioneine.

3.6 Lectins

Edible mushroom-derived lectins have been proposed as bioactive components responsible for regulation of the gut microbiome and modulation of the host immune response. Earlier research demonstrated that A. bisporus lectin can reversibly inhibit the proliferation of epithelial cell lines, and in vivo immunomodulatory effects of the lectin have been documented.

4. Established Mechanisms of Action

4.1 Immunomodulation

The β-glucan and mannogalactan fractions are the major bioactive agents responsible for immunomodulatory activity in A. bisporus polysaccharide extracts. Early discoveries established the molecular basis of pharmacological activity through in vitro models, such as macrophage activation and free radical scavenging experiments. Semi-purified polysaccharide extracts from A. bisporus stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.

4.2 Aromatase Inhibition

White button mushrooms are a potential breast cancer chemopreventive agent, as they suppress aromatase activity and estrogen biosynthesis. The major active aromatase-inhibiting compounds found in the ethyl acetate fraction include linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid; these fatty acids inhibit aromatase with similar potency, and mutations at the active site regions affect their interaction with aromatase. The mixed-type inhibition kinetic profile for the whole-mushroom extract suggests the presence of one or more inhibitors and/or more than one inhibitory mechanism.

4.3 Intestinal Deodorization

The most significant feature of champignon extract is deodorization within the intestinal tract; conditions such as halitosis and body and fecal odor are believed to be caused by certain toxic substances produced within the intestinal tract, which champignon extract directly inhibits. The mushroom Agaricus bisporus can convert the mercapto group of methyl mercaptan to a sulfo group, thereby inhibiting odour. Additionally, champignon extract inhibits ammonia nitrogen generation and suppresses the intestinal production of indole and tryptamine.

4.4 Prebiotic and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production

A. bisporus polysaccharides (ABP) are degraded and utilized by the gut microbiome; ABP produced more short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) than inulin and may have a higher prebiotic potential; ABP promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria, including Prevotella, Megamonas, and Bacteroides.

4.5 Androgen Receptor Disruption

It was hypothesized that white button mushroom exerts its effects on prostate cancer through the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis; in both LNCaP and VCaP prostate cancer cells, white button mushroom extract (6–30 mg/mL) suppressed DHT-induced PSA expression and cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

5.1 Halitosis, Body Odor, and Internal Deodorization

This is the area with the most directly targeted clinical evidence for a champignon extract (specifically the Champex®/champignon extract preparation). A placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group comparative clinical trial targeted 80 men and women aged 50–79 years with halitosis and body and fecal odor. This four parallel-arm study compared 50 mg/day, 500 mg/day, and 1000 mg/day champignon extract (an extract boiled from Agaricus bisporus) with placebo tablets; the follow-up period was four weeks and outcome measures included visual analogue scale (VAS) score reported by participants and their relatives.

The results revealed significant reduction in ammonia and p-cresol levels (both intestinal putrefaction products) among subjects who ingested 50, 500, and 1000 mg of champignon extract per day compared with subjects in the placebo group; a significant difference was also observed in indole levels in the group that consumed 500 mg/day compared to the placebo group. Re-analysis of bowel movement in each test group revealed that the extract improved the number of days with bowel movement, number of bowel movements, and stool volume, suggesting an improved intestinal environment.

Ingesting champignon extract for 4 consecutive weeks at 50, 500, and 1000 mg/day significantly decreased halitosis and body and fecal odor compared with the placebo group.

Evidence strength: A Cochrane-registered systematic review on interventions for managing halitosis included one study (Nishihira 2017) in the champignon extract versus placebo comparison, giving this application at least one adequately controlled registered clinical trial. The trial had a relatively small sample (n = 80), a subjective primary outcome (VAS), and a short duration (4 weeks), limiting generalizability. Overall, evidence is preliminary but positive.

5.2 Immune Function and Secretory IgA

A study investigated the effect of dietary intake of Agaricus bisporus white button mushroom on salivary IgA (sIgA) secretion in healthy subjects; twenty-four healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to a normal daily diet (control group) or a normal diet with white button mushroom. The active group (n=12, mean age 41.4 years) consumed 100 g of blanched white button mushroom daily with their normal diet for 1 week, while the control group consumed their normal diet without white button mushroom; saliva was collected before and after commencement and weekly thereafter for 3 weeks. The health and immunity of the mucosa can be enhanced by Agaricus bisporus; consuming Agaricus bisporus in the diet considerably increases secretory immunoglobulin-A secretion.

An animal study with 31 pigs fed a grower diet alone or supplemented with either three or six servings of freeze-dried white button mushrooms for six weeks evaluated host immune response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and alveolar macrophages (AM) after stimulation with LPS; the study concluded that white button mushrooms act as a prebiotic that favorably affects the composition and function of the host intestinal microbiota with enrichment in carbohydrate metabolism and increased butyrate production, conferring more intestinal epithelial barrier protection and reduced inflammatory stimulation.

Evidence strength: Human evidence is limited to small studies, with the salivary IgA study involving only 24 subjects over a short duration. The prebiotic/microbiome mechanism is additionally supported by animal and in vitro data. Replication in larger, diverse human populations is needed.

5.3 Prebiotic Activity and Gut Microbiome Modulation

An in vitro batch fermentation study evaluated the effect of A. bisporus polysaccharides (ABP) on the composition and metabolites of human gut microbiota. PICRUSt analysis revealed that catabolism of ABP was accompanied by changes in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides, lipids, and amino acids; after 24 h fermentation, the relative amounts of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nicotinamide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) had 14.43-, 11.34-, and 15.36-fold increases, respectively.

These results laid the research foundation for exploring ABP as a potential prebiotic or dietary supplement for the targeted regulation of gut microbiota or metabolites.

Evidence strength: Predominantly in vitro and animal-based. No large-scale randomized human clinical trials specifically addressing A. bisporus as a prebiotic supplement have been identified in the peer-reviewed literature at this time.

5.4 Aromatase Inhibition and Breast Cancer Prevention

It has been shown that extract from Agaricus bisporus contains phytochemicals that suppress aromatase activity, inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation, and decrease mammary tumor formation in vivo; a translational clinical trial was then conducted to determine the optimal dose to induce this effect in humans. White button mushrooms were freeze-dried and pressed into a tablet containing 500 mg of powdered extract (each roughly equivalent to 5 g of whole mushroom); postmenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer at least 5 years prior, who were at least 3 months off therapy and recurrence-free, were treated with a 12-week course of 5, 8, 10, or 13 g of mushroom extract daily. An ex vivo assay of aromatase activity demonstrated suppression of post-prandial fluctuations with a 10 g or 13 g daily dose of white button mushroom extract.

Breast cancer cell proliferation was decreased because of inhibition of aromatase activity by white button mushroom and some of its fractions, including conjugated linoleic acid. Mushroom extract decreased testosterone-induced cell proliferation in MCF-7aro cells but had no effect on MCF-10A, a nontumorigenic cell line. The in vivo action of mushroom chemicals was shown using nude mice injected with MCF-7aro cells; studies showed that mushroom extract decreased both tumor cell proliferation and tumor weight with no effect on rate of apoptosis, illustrating the anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo of mushroom extract and its major fatty acid constituents.

Evidence strength: Strong mechanistic and preclinical evidence; human translational trial data from dose-finding studies exist but definitive phase III randomized controlled trials in breast cancer prevention have not been published. Evidence is promising but preliminary for clinical application.

5.5 Prostate Cancer (Biochemically Recurrent)

A phase I, single-arm, unblinded, single-facility trial enrolled 36 male patients (mean age 68) who had all been diagnosed with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. All had had prior radiation therapy, 33 (92%) had also undergone earlier prostatectomy, and 11 patients (30%) had undergone hormonal therapy.

Dose escalation was conducted in cohorts of 6, and 36 patients were treated; no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were encountered. The overall PSA response rate was 11%; two patients receiving 8 and 14 g/d demonstrated complete response (CR) with PSA declining to undetectable levels that continued for 49 and 30 months. Two patients who received 8 and 12 g/d experienced partial response (PR); after 3 months of therapy, 13 (36%) patients experienced some PSA decrease below baseline. Patients with CR and PR demonstrated higher levels of baseline interleukin-15 than nonresponders; therapy was associated with declines in MDSCs, and therapy with WBM appears to both impact PSA levels and modulate the biology of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer by decreasing immunosuppressive factors.

A subsequent reverse translational study confirmed the clinical observations, hypothesizing that white button mushroom exerts its effects on prostate cancer through the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis.

Evidence strength: Phase I (feasibility/toxicity), single-arm, uncontrolled, small sample (n=36). Results are hypothesis-generating. No randomized phase II or III data yet published. The absence of a control arm means clinical benefit cannot be definitively attributed to the intervention.

5.6 Vitamin D Status

Ergosterol levels in Agaricus bisporus are typically between 2290 and 6200 μg/g, while vitamin D2 levels after UV exposure range between 25.9 and 742 μg/g depending on the UV irradiation method. Findings confirm that UVB-exposed mushrooms contain vitamin D2 in a very bioavailable form that is relatively stable during storage and cooking, making them an ideal non-animal food source of vitamin D.

UV-irradiated mushrooms present a high rate of conversion from ergosterol to vitamin D2 at short treatment time and have the potential to increase serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.

Evidence strength: The vitamin D2 conversion pathway is biochemically well established. Human bioavailability data exist. This is among the better-characterized nutritional properties of the mushroom.

5.7 Antioxidant Activity

In vitro models such as free radical scavenging experiments have been used to establish the molecular basis of antioxidant pharmacological activity. The water extract of brown A. bisporus exhibited an inhibitory effect of 83.34 ± 18.66% on collagenase enzyme, while the ethanol extract inhibited elastase enzymes by 81.26 ± 4.37%; the ethanol extract also demonstrated strong activities against DPPH with an IC50 of 0.30 ± 0.04 mg/mL.

Evidence strength: Primarily in vitro. Human interventional evidence for clinically meaningful antioxidant endpoints is lacking.

5.8 Gut Microbiota and Metabolomic Effects

Polysaccharides categorized as glucans with β-type glycosidic bonds have been proposed as bioactive components responsible for regulation of the gut microbiome. In short-chain fatty acid analysis at standard dosage, total fatty acid amount, acetic acid, and propionic acid had significantly increased in the 2nd week of champignon extract intake.

Evidence strength: In vitro fermentation and animal studies. Data on the human gut microbiome following champignon extract supplementation remain limited.

6. Body Systems and Health Areas Associated with Champignon

• Immune system: Polysaccharide-mediated macrophage and leukocyte activation; salivary IgA secretion enhancement; modulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs).
• Gastrointestinal system: Prebiotic effects; intestinal putrefaction inhibition; deodorization of fecal, body, and breath odors; improvement in bowel movement frequency and stool volume.
• Endocrine/reproductive system: Aromatase inhibition affecting estrogen biosynthesis; androgen receptor signaling disruption; 5-alpha-reductase inhibition.
• Oncology: Preclinical and early clinical evidence for breast and prostate cancer-related applications via hormonal and immunological mechanisms.
• Musculoskeletal and metabolic: Vitamin D2 supply via ergosterol photochemical conversion; copper and selenium provision relevant to bone and metabolic health.
• Antioxidant/cellular protection: Ergothioneine-mediated cytoprotection; free radical scavenging by polyphenols.
• Neurological: Ergothioneine proposed for neuroprotective and anti-aging effects; preliminary in vitro and animal evidence only.

7. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages

The following dosages have been reported in identified studies; these are descriptions of experimental protocols, not dosing recommendations:

• Champignon extract (Champex®) for halitosis/deodorization: Doses of 50 mg/day, 500 mg/day, and 1000 mg/day were compared with placebo over a 4-week follow-up period.
• Champignon extract capsules: Each vegetarian capsule of the Champex® formulation contains 250 mg; one capsule per meal is generally the studied protocol, with 2–6 capsules per day used as required.
• White button mushroom powder for salivary IgA: Subjects consumed 100 g of blanched white button mushroom daily with their normal diet for 1 week.
• White button mushroom powder for aromatase inhibition (postmenopausal women): Tablets of 500 mg of powdered extract (roughly equivalent to 5 g of whole mushroom) were used; participants received 5, 8, 10, or 13 g of mushroom extract daily for 12 weeks.
• White button mushroom powder for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (Phase I trial): Dose escalation was conducted in cohorts of 6; doses of 8 g/d and 14 g/d produced complete PSA responses.

8. Safety Considerations

8.1 Agaritine: A Naturally Occurring Compound of Concern

Agaritine is a naturally occurring phenylhydrazine derivative present in wild and cultivated Agaricus mushroom species, including the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. A. bisporus is one of the primary sources of agaritine, a naturally occurring α-amino acid and phenylhydrazine derivative; the presence of the hydrazine moiety in agaritine is worth considering due to the toxicity of hydrazine derivatives.

Agaritine has been described in some studies as a potential carcinogen; however, the scientific validity of the experimental designs and models from which this conclusion has been drawn have been contradicted and challenged by other studies. Feeding studies using mushrooms and mushroom extracts have in general provided no evidence of toxicological effects of agaritine or mushroom consumption—in contrast to results of studies that administered non-physiologically relevant concentrations of chemically synthesized hydrazine derivatives to mice. The available evidence to date suggests that agaritine from consumption of cultivated A. bisporus mushrooms poses no known toxicological risk to healthy humans.

No studies show a direct link between agaritine consumption and any carcinogenic effects observed in humans, and agaritine holds the classification of International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Group 3, denoting it is "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans." However, it was stated that a carcinogenic risk to humans could not be ruled out, and the cumulative lifetime cancer risk associated with agaritine consumption in mushrooms has been approximated to be around 10⁻⁵.

A practical safety measure is to avoid consuming button mushrooms when crude or poorly cooked, fresh or dried, as agaritine is partially degraded by heat processing.

8.2 General Safety of Extract Preparations

Safety of an enriched A. bisporus mushroom preparation was confirmed through acute and subchronic toxicity studies in rats receiving daily oral doses of 5,000 mg/kg body weight, showing no adverse clinical, biochemical, or behavioral effects over 8 weeks.

In the Phase I prostate cancer trial, thirty-six patients were treated and no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were encountered, suggesting tolerability at escalating doses up to 14 g/day of mushroom powder in a patient population.

8.3 Renal Implications: Indole and Uremic Toxins

Champignon extract may reduce the amount of various amines; indole adsorption in the intestines is thought to control the progress of chronic renal failure. The suppression of intestinal indole production by champignon extract has theoretical relevance for patients with chronic kidney disease, though direct evidence in this population remains preliminary.

8.4 Need for Further Safety Data

A. bisporus contains beta-glucans, ergosterol, ergothioneine, vitamin D, and antioxidant compounds typically reported as flavonoids, with varying concentrations depending on the type of mushroom, cooking method, duration, and UVB exposure; further research is required to fully elucidate the bioactive compounds using rigorous analytical methods and expand the immunological markers being tested. Replication of existing studies in different population groups is required to confirm the impact of A. bisporus on human health and enable findings to be adopted into clinical practice and public health initiatives.

References

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