Health ConditionsElectrolyte balance refers to the maintenance of the proper concentration and distribution of electrolytes — such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride — within the body's fluids. The body contains a large variety of ions, or electrolytes, which perform a variety of functions: some assist in the transmission of electrical impulses along cell membranes in neurons and muscles; others help stabilize protein structures in enzymes; still others aid in releasing hormones from endocrine glands; and all ions in plasma contribute to the osmotic balance that controls the movement of water between cells and their environment.
Electrolytes in living systems include sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and chromium. In terms of body functioning, six electrolytes are most important: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, and phosphate. These six ions aid in nerve excitability, endocrine secretion, membrane permeability, buffering body fluids, and controlling the movement of fluids between compartments.
The electrolytes dissolved in body fluids fulfill vital roles in virtually all of life's processes. Transmembrane movements of electrolytes are responsible for the electrical events that result in nerve conduction and muscular contraction. The electrical stability of membranes is highly dependent on the concentration of electrolytes on both sides. Electrolytes also serve as essential cofactors in many enzymatically mediated metabolic reactions.
Virtually every organ system participates in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, or is adversely affected by imbalances.
Sodium, an osmotically active cation, is one of the essential electrolytes in the extracellular fluid. It is responsible for maintaining the extracellular fluid volume and regulating the membrane potential of cells. Sodium is exchanged along with potassium across cell membranes as part of active transport. Sodium is the major cation of extracellular fluid. As the major extracellular cation involved in maintaining osmotic pressure and extracellular volume, sodium also plays an important role in neuronal excitability and impulse transmission.
Potassium is the major cation of intracellular fluid. Potassium is critical for muscle contraction and the maintenance of normal heart rhythm. There is considerable evidence that dietary potassium exerts a beneficial effect in hypertension.
Bicarbonate's principal function is to maintain the body's acid-base balance by being part of buffer systems.
Hypomagnesemia is generally characterized by blood magnesium levels below 0.7 mmol/L, with or without total body depletion, and does not result in clinically relevant signs and symptoms until serum levels decline below 0.5 mmol/L. Magnesium is involved in energy metabolism and muscle relaxation, and its co-dependence with other electrolytes is clinically significant: hypomagnesemia impedes the magnesium-dependent production of cAMP induced by adenyl cyclase, leading to the diminished release of PTH and subsequently lowering calcium levels, as PTH maintains calcium homeostasis.
The renal system, primarily the kidneys, is responsible for regulating electrolyte balance in the body. The kidneys filter blood, reabsorb necessary electrolytes, and excrete excess electrolytes through urine. Sodium regulation occurs in the kidneys. The proximal tubule is where the majority of sodium reabsorption takes place. In the distal convoluted tubule, sodium undergoes further reabsorption. Sodium transport occurs via sodium–chloride symporters, controlled by the hormone aldosterone.
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that influences water and salt regulation in the body. Aldosterone's primary function is to act on the late distal tubule and collecting duct of nephrons in the kidney, favoring sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion while also contributing to acid-base balance.
Aldosterone release is stimulated by a decrease in blood sodium levels, blood volume, or blood pressure, or an increase in blood potassium levels. Aldosterone is part of an elaborate group of linked hormones, enzymes, proteins, and reactions called the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which helps regulate blood pressure. When blood pressure falls, the kidneys release the enzyme renin into the bloodstream. Renin splits angiotensinogen (a protein the liver makes) into pieces — one of which is angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then split into pieces by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which the lungs make, producing one piece called angiotensin II, an active hormone.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, causes more water to be retained by the kidneys when water levels in the body are low. The hypothalamus monitors the amount of water in the body by sensing the concentration of electrolytes in the blood; a high concentration of electrolytes means that the level of water in the body is low. In contrast to ADH, which promotes the reabsorption of water to maintain proper water balance, aldosterone maintains proper water balance by enhancing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion from extracellular fluid of the cells in kidney tubules.
Regulation of fluid volumes and concentrations involves the cardiovascular and endocrine systems, the central nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system; all act chiefly by regulating the rate at which water and electrolytes are excreted by the kidneys.
Electrolyte imbalances have a very broad range of signs and symptoms, from being completely asymptomatic to having fatal arrhythmias. The coexistence of one or more electrolyte imbalances in individuals with mixed medical conditions can create a complex clinical presentation. Typically, however, each electrolyte imbalance presents with signs and symptoms that are more indicative of the specific imbalance.
In observational studies of emergency department admissions, the most common symptoms in patients with electrolyte imbalances were dyspnea (14.7%), fever (13.7%), and systemic deterioration (11.9%), while the most frequent findings in physical examination were confusion (14%), edema (10%), and rales (9%). The most frequent pathological ECG findings were tachycardia in 24%, and atrial fibrillation in 7% of the patients.
Some of the common causes of electrolyte disorders seen in clinical practice include: hyponatremia from low dietary sodium intake, primary polydipsia, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), heart failure, cirrhosis, adrenal insufficiency, prolonged hyperglycemia, and severe dyslipidemia. Hypernatremia arises from unreplaced fluid loss via the skin or gastrointestinal tract, osmotic diuresis, or hypertonic saline administration. Hypokalemia is associated with hyperaldosteronism or the use of loop diuretics. Hyperkalemia is linked to metabolic acidosis, insulin deficiency, hypoaldosteronism, prolonged beta-blocker use, or acute or chronic kidney disease.
With exercise-associated dehydration, body water is mainly lost through sweating. During prolonged and continuous exercise, sweat loss often exceeds fluid intake, and even low levels of dehydration (about 2% of body mass) can impair thermoregulation and cause cardiovascular strain. Vomiting and diarrhea also represent significant routes of electrolyte loss, particularly in acute illness.
Patients with prolonged periods of minimal or no nutritional intake related to critical illness or major surgery are at high risk of developing refeeding syndrome (RFS). Research in critically ill patients on total parenteral nutrition identified a high prevalence of electrolyte imbalances, particularly hypokalemia (37%), hypophosphatemia (36%), and hypomagnesemia (24%).
Illnesses that can cause electrolyte derangements include malnutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiac disorders, kidney dysfunction, endocrine disorders, circulatory disorders, lung disorders, and acid-base imbalance. A patient with heart failure receiving diuretics needs monitoring for sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and magnesium, as diuretics can exert adverse effects on electrolyte balance.
Older adults have age-related decreased thirst sensitivity when dehydrated, making them slower to voluntarily reestablish euhydration. Older adults also have age-related slower renal responses to water and sodium loads and may be at greater risk for hyponatremia.
Dietary intake of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium has a strong impact on personal health. Cross-sectional studies reveal widespread inadequacy: results show high sodium and low potassium consumption in all age groups in both men and women. Furthermore, more than half of investigated persons had low calcium intake, and 40% had low dietary magnesium intake. Only 1% of the study population reached the recommended values for all electrolytes, while 13% consumed adequate levels of three electrolytes. Moreover, 14% did not reach reference levels for any of the four minerals.
The National Academies of Sciences have established Adequate Intakes (AIs) for total water, potassium, sodium, and chloride, as well as a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for sodium and chloride. The Dietary Reference Intakes state that there is not enough evidence to establish a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for potassium. However, the National Academy of Medicine has established an Adequate Intake (AI) for potassium; for women aged 14–18, the AI is 2,300 mg daily; for women 19+, it is 2,600 mg. As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings these are two important blood electrolytes, frequently measured and influencing care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values.
There is considerable evidence that dietary potassium exerts a beneficial effect in hypertension, and recommendations for increased intake of fruits and vegetables would raise potassium intake of adults. Concerns about possible overconsumption of sodium and chloride, or underconsumption of potassium, in the United States are well-recognized.
In addition to replacing volume, effective rehydration requires replacement of electrolytes lost through sweating. The major electrolytes lost in sweat are sodium, chloride, and, to a lesser extent, potassium. Electrolyte imbalances can result and be exacerbated when excessive loss of sodium in sweat occurs and fluid is replaced with a low-sodium beverage.
Alcohol consumption can increase urine output and delay full rehydration. This diuretic effect of alcohol can promote net electrolyte losses, particularly following physical exertion.
Contrary to popular beliefs, research proposes that caffeine consumption does not result in water-electrolyte imbalances or hyperthermia, and does not reduce exercise-heat tolerance. The American College of Sports Medicine's position statement, as referenced in exercise science literature, similarly notes that caffeine consumption will not markedly alter daily urine output or hydration status.
Renal insufficiency is associated with significant changes in the electrolyte handling and body balance of sodium, potassium, phosphate, magnesium, and calcium, all of which are biologically vital molecules. Dietary habits could contribute significantly to the optimal management of possible derangements. Clear evidence that specific dietary prescriptions may halt or reduce chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression is lacking; however, some practical recommendations are possible to prescribe the best possible therapy to the individual CKD patient.
Traditional Use: Coconut water has been used as a hydrating and restorative beverage across tropical regions of Asia, the Pacific, and the Americas for centuries, consumed directly from young green coconuts during illness, heat exposure, and physical labor. Clinically in some regions, it has been used as an oral rehydration fluid in cases of diarrhea-induced dehydration.
Scientific Evidence:
Coconut water is naturally occurring, is very rich in potassium, and contains sodium, chloride, and carbohydrate; it is viewed as the hydrating beverage of choice in certain parts of the world. Clinically, coconut water may be used as an oral rehydration aid to replace fluid loss from the gastrointestinal tract in patients suffering severe dehydration due to diarrhea.
In relation to sport nutrition, coconut water has been reported to provide hydrating effects similar to those of carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drinks. A crossover study by Saat et al. (2002) in eight healthy males found that there were no differences at any time in serum sodium, chloride, serum osmolality, and net fluid balance between coconut water, carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage, and plain water trials. Urine osmolality decreased after one hour during the rehydration period and was lowest in the plain water trial. Coconut water was significantly sweeter, caused less nausea, fullness, and no stomach upset, and was easier to consume in larger amounts compared with carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and plain water.
A 2025 study concluded that potassium-rich coconut water as a natural electrolyte rehydration alternative is equally effective in rehydration and palatability as a commercial carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink after moderate-to-high intensity exercise, despite having lower sodium concentrations. However, coconut water is higher in potassium and lower in sodium and sugar than most athletes need for recovery. Sodium is the main electrolyte lost in sweat, so coconut water alone may not be the best beverage to replace sodium losses after exercise.
Evidence strength: Preliminary to moderate; small human crossover trials, limited long-term data. Coconut water appears comparable to commercial sports drinks for moderate rehydration but is not demonstrably superior.
Traditional Use: Licorice root has been used since antiquity in Greco-Roman, Ayurvedic, and Chinese herbal traditions. Derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra, a well-known plant since antiquity, licorice has been used with many medicinal properties claimed, such as anti-infective properties and relief of abdominal pain or cough. Its sweet taste has made it widely used in food and confectionery products globally.
Scientific Evidence — Electrolyte-Relevant Mechanisms:
Glycyrrhetic acid, the active metabolite in licorice, inhibits the enzyme 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 with a resultant cortisol-induced mineralocorticoid effect and the tendency towards the elevation of sodium and reduction of potassium levels. This aldosterone-like action is the fundamental basis for understanding its health benefits and the wide spectrum of adverse effects.
Hypokalemia or pseudoaldosteronism is one of the most frequent side effects of licorice intake. Glycyrrhizin metabolites inhibit type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD2), which decomposes cortisol into inactive cortisone in the distal nephron, thereby inducing mineralocorticoid receptor activity.
The clinical effects of licorice consumption include sodium retention and potassium excretion, leading to potential cardiovascular complications. Multiple case reports and case series in peer-reviewed literature document licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism characterized by hypokalemia and hypertension. The glycyrrhizin content in licorice root varies from 2% to 20%, depending on the type and species of licorice and the extraction process. Owing to its mineralocorticoid-like action, the mean daily dose of dried licorice root should not exceed 5 to 15 g (equivalent to 200–600 mg of glycyrrhizic acid).
High dosage and long-term use of licorice are constitutional risk factors for pseudoaldosteronism. Due to the adverse reaction profile of licorice, many researchers have used deglycyrrhizinated licorice extract (DGL), which is free of glycyrrhizin.
Evidence strength: Strong mechanistic and case-series evidence that licorice root significantly and measurably disrupts electrolyte balance by promoting sodium retention and potassium loss. Well-characterized dose-dependent risk. DGL preparations do not carry the same mineralocorticoid risk but have not been studied for electrolyte effects. Licorice is not a candidate for supporting electrolyte balance in the conventional sense; rather, it is relevant as a natural ingredient that can perturb electrolyte homeostasis.
Traditional Use: No single herbal tradition isolates magnesium as a distinct remedy; however, magnesium-rich foods — dark leafy greens, legumes, nuts, and seeds — have been foundational in many traditional dietary patterns globally.
Scientific Evidence:
More than half of the population in cross-sectional studies had low calcium intake, and 40% indicated low dietary magnesium intake. Magnesium plays a central co-regulatory role: hypomagnesemia impedes the magnesium-dependent production of cAMP induced by adenyl cyclase, leading to the diminished release of PTH and subsequently lowering calcium levels. Hypomagnesemia is generally characterized by blood magnesium levels below 0.7 mmol/L and does not result in clinically relevant signs and symptoms until serum levels decline below 0.5 mmol/L.
Evidence strength: Well-established from institutional sources (NIH ODS). Magnesium deficiency is highly prevalent in Western populations and interacts with calcium and potassium homeostasis. Dietary repletion from whole foods is supported by institutional recommendations.
Traditional Use: High-potassium whole foods — bananas, leafy greens, legumes, sweet potatoes — have historically constituted the bulk of potassium intake in pre-industrial diets. No single plant or herb has been traditionally isolated specifically as a "potassium supplement."
Scientific Evidence:
There is considerable evidence that dietary potassium exerts a beneficial effect in hypertension, and recommendations for increased intake of fruits and vegetables would raise potassium intake of adults. The Dietary Reference Intakes state that there is not enough evidence to establish a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for potassium; however, the National Academy of Medicine has established an Adequate Intake (AI).
Evidence strength: Robust epidemiological and interventional evidence supports higher dietary potassium for cardiovascular and blood pressure health. Dietary rather than supplemental sources are typically recommended by institutional bodies.
Traditional Use: Stinging nettle leaf has been used in European folk medicine and herbal traditions for centuries as a nutritive tonic, valued for its mineral content. Traditional preparations include nettle tea, infusions, and cooked preparations used to replenish minerals during convalescence or spring cleansing regimens.
Scientific Evidence:
Nettle leaf provides calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron. Nettle, dandelion leaf, and hibiscus are traditional herbs known to gently deliver minerals; these herbs provide magnesium, potassium, and calcium and can be used in teas, tinctures, or added to smoothies. No rigorous clinical trials have specifically examined nettle leaf's effect on measured serum electrolyte concentrations in humans. The mineral content of dried nettle is documented in food composition databases, but evidence from controlled human studies evaluating nettle as an electrolyte intervention is absent from the peer-reviewed literature.
Evidence strength: Traditional use is historically documented. Scientific evidence specifically for electrolyte balance effects is lacking; claims rest on the plant's known mineral content rather than clinical outcome data.
Traditional Use: Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) is a prominent herb in Ayurveda. It has been used traditionally as an adaptogen and rasayana (rejuvenating tonic), valued for energy, endurance, and stress resilience.
Scientific Evidence — Indirect Electrolyte Relevance:
Ashwagandha is not studied directly as an electrolyte supplement. Its relevance in this context is indirect: bioactive compounds such as withanolides modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, inhibit NF-κB, and induce Nrf2 activation, contributing to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. Because the HPA axis regulates cortisol and, thereby, interacts with mineralocorticoid signaling, ashwagandha's adaptogenic effects on stress hormones are theoretically relevant to electrolyte regulation. However, reviews emphasize methodological shortcomings, including heterogeneity in the preparation of extracts, small sample sizes, variability in endpoints, and possible funding-related biases. No peer-reviewed human trials have measured serum electrolyte concentrations as a primary or secondary outcome of ashwagandha supplementation.
Evidence strength: Indirect and theoretical. No direct human clinical evidence for ashwagandha improving electrolyte balance. Evidence for stress-modulating effects is moderate but unrelated to specific electrolyte endpoints.
Dietary intake of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium has a strong impact on personal health. Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and dairy provide the spectrum of electrolytes needed to support balance. High sodium and low potassium consumption have been observed in all age groups in population studies. This imbalance is largely driven by processed food consumption, which is high in sodium and low in potassium and magnesium.
During prolonged and continuous exercise, sweat loss often exceeds fluid intake, and even low levels of dehydration (about 2% of body mass) can impair thermoregulation and cause cardiovascular strain. When allowed to progress, dehydration can lead to impaired physical and cognitive performance, syncope due to hypotension, and potentially fatal heat-related illness. Sweat electrolyte (sodium and potassium) losses should be fully replaced to reestablish euhydration.
Although water is commonly used for rehydration after exercise, it typically lacks dietary sodium, resulting in dilution of plasma sodium concentration and osmolality, reducing the drive to drink and stimulating increased urine output. Low-electrolyte beverages used exclusively during recovery from significant sweat loss can therefore exacerbate rather than correct imbalance. A 1997 crossover study in cyclists found that consumption of caffeinated soft drink and plain mineral water — which were low in electrolytes — resulted in marked loss of sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, and calcium, whereas consumption of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution resulted in sodium, magnesium, and calcium retention.
Meal consumption promotes euhydration, consistent with evidence that food co-ingestion following exercise contributes meaningfully to restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance.
Older adults have age-related slower renal responses to water and sodium loads and may be at greater risk for hyponatremia. Reduced thirst sensitivity in older adults further compounds the risk of inadequate fluid and electrolyte intake.
A medium banana provides approximately 422–467 mg potassium, 34 mg magnesium, and 37 mg calcium—three of the four primary electrolytes involved in cellular fluid balance and muscle contraction. Potassium from dietary sources including bananas is recognized by WHO, AHA, and international hypertension guidelines as a key dietary mineral for electrolyte and fluid regulation.
Bicarbonate is a primary electrolyte and the body's main extracellular buffer, maintaining acid-base (pH) balance. MedlinePlus and NIH/StatPearls list it as one of the core electrolytes. It is transported in blood and participates in CO₂ removal via the lungs. Bicarbonate imbalance produces metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, and clinical electrolyte panels routinely measure bicarbonate.
Calcium is one of the seven primary electrolytes identified by NIH/StatPearls and MedlinePlus, essential for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, enzyme activity, and blood coagulation. Ionized calcium in serum regulates neuromuscular excitability; hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia are clinically significant electrolyte disorders. Calcium is co-regulated with phosphate and magnesium through vitamin D, PTH, and calcitonin.
Chloride is the major extracellular anion and works alongside sodium to regulate fluid balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. NIH/StatPearls and MedlinePlus list it among the primary electrolytes. It is a component of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and plays a key role in acid-base homeostasis. Hypochloremia and hyperchloremia are recognized clinical electrolyte disorders.
Coconut water is a natural electrolyte-rich beverage containing potassium, sodium, chloride, and magnesium, with documented use as an oral rehydration aid. A 2012 PMC-indexed RCT compared coconut water to carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drinks for hydration in exercise-trained men and found comparable hydration outcomes. It has been used clinically as an oral rehydration solution for dehydration due to diarrhea, and even intravenously in remote settings.
Dulse is a documented rich source of potassium, a primary electrolyte essential for fluid balance, nerve function, and cardiac muscle performance. It also contains magnesium, sodium, calcium, and other electrolyte minerals. Its nutritional composition has been characterized in peer-reviewed analyses.
Proprietary electrolyte blends are formulated products combining two or more of the established electrolytes—sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, and calcium—specifically designed to support electrolyte balance and hydration. They are the direct application of electrolyte physiology to supplementation, used in sports nutrition, oral rehydration therapy, and clinical hydration support. Their efficacy is grounded in the well-established science of each constituent electrolyte.
Himalayan salt is a mineral-rich rock salt composed primarily of sodium chloride (~98%) with over 80 trace minerals including potassium, magnesium, and calcium. As a source of sodium and chloride—two of the seven primary electrolytes—it directly supports electrolyte balance. Its additional trace mineral content provides minor supplementary electrolytes. It is used in natural electrolyte drinks and supplements for hydration support.
AG enhances intestinal sodium and water co-transport, supporting electrolyte absorption during diarrheal illness and exercise-induced dehydration. Clinical trials in athletes show AG ingestion during rehydration maintains plasma electrolyte levels better than water alone. Preclinical data confirm AG reverses cholera-toxin-induced electrolyte secretion to net absorption.
Magnesium is a primary intracellular electrolyte and cofactor for over 300 enzymatic reactions. NIH/StatPearls and MedlinePlus identify it as one of the seven major electrolytes. It is required for sodium-potassium ATPase function, making it foundational to all electrolyte transport. Hypomagnesemia commonly co-occurs with hypokalemia and hypocalcemia, and clinical management of electrolyte imbalance routinely addresses magnesium status.
Phosphorus (as phosphate) is one of the seven major electrolytes per NIH/StatPearls and MedlinePlus, essential for ATP energy storage, acid-base buffering, bone mineralization, and nucleic acid structure. It is co-regulated with calcium via vitamin D, PTH, and calcitonin through renal and intestinal mechanisms. Hyperphosphatemia and hypophosphatemia are recognized clinical electrolyte disorders.
Potassium is the principal intracellular cation and is essential for electrolyte balance, heart and muscle function, and nerve signaling. NIH/StatPearls and MedlinePlus classify it as one of the seven major electrolytes. Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are clinically recognized electrolyte disorders with serious cardiovascular consequences. Potassium works with sodium to maintain the electrochemical gradients critical for all excitable tissues.
Sodium is the primary extracellular cation and the principal determinant of extracellular fluid volume and osmotic pressure. NIH/StatPearls identifies it as one of the most significant electrolytes in the body. It is essential for maintaining fluid balance, regulating membrane potential, and enabling nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. Deficiency (hyponatremia) or excess (hypernatremia) cause clinically serious fluid and electrolyte disorders.
Taurine is a sulfonic beta-amino acid that functions as a key intracellular osmolyte and osmoregulator, playing a scientifically documented role in electrolyte and fluid balance. PubMed research shows taurine modulates cell volume via ion channel and transporter regulation, and is recruited to hypertonic or released from hypotonic environments. It is the most abundant free amino acid in cardiac muscle and constitutes ~50% of free amino acids in cardiomyocytes, where it acts as an osmoregulator.
Watermelon provides potassium, magnesium, and natural sugars that contribute to electrolyte and fluid balance. Potassium in watermelon supports nerve and muscle electrolyte regulation, and watermelon's hydration properties have been quantified in clinical exercise contexts.
The adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa produces aldosterone, the primary mineralocorticoid controlling sodium and potassium balance. Adrenal cortex extract has been traditionally used to support electrolyte regulation, and intravenous forms were historically used for high blood potassium. No OTC adrenal cortex supplement has been clinically validated for electrolyte outcomes.
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